Girl Interrupted vs. The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers

The main character in Susanna Kaysens, Girl, Interrupted and Charlotte Perkins Gilmans, The Yellow cover are similar in the occurrence that they both were suppressed by male dominants. Be it therapist or physicians who either aided in their amiable deformities or created them. They are similar in the sense that they are both restricted to confinement and must deceaseure life under the watchful eye of overseers. However similar their situations may be, their responses are different. In the stories, there were both positive and negative aspects and characteristics that the two protagonists possessed. Both women were thought insane and although they may non have been originally, being locked up made other characters question their sanity. In, Girl, Interrupted, Kaysens character was a passive yet promiscuous eighteen year hoary woman. Ten minutes into her visit with an analyst, Kaysen is being told shes tired and that she needs a rest. The therapist makes a couple of phone calls , puts Kaysen in a literary hack and sends her off to the psychiatric ward at McLean Hospital. In the cab, she doesnt put up a fight or try and escape and once she arrives at the hospital, she signs herself in because she is of age. Even before then, while she was still in the therapists office she showed no sign of struggling against the force that was her doctor. Instead she willingly accepted the fact that she was tired and to go then rather than on Friday to the hospital. This passiveness is a dominant characteristic of Kaysen throughout the rest of the story. But I view the feature as both a positive and a negative one. It seems like it would be a positive because Kaysen allowed herself to enjoy her time in the hospital. She made an essay to make the best of the situation. However, its also a negative trait to possess for the simple fact that had she fought or argued with the doctor or the cab driver, she would never had to go near McLean. During her taxi ride to the hospita l she said, I let my head fall back against the seat and shut my eyes. I was glad to be riding in a taxi instead of having to wait for the train. This passive act, not only wins Kaysen a spot at McLean but doesnt service change her therapist opinions on her. While reading, The Yellow Wallpaper, I realized that Gilman also is a passive person. But I feel Gi... ... appearances which is why I think she does what her husband and brother prescribe. She even says, If a physicican of high-standing, and ones own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but transient nervous depression a slight hysterical tendencywhat is one to do? This brings me to the point that women in those times had to follow their husbands orders. Anything else was unheard of By the end of both stories, the women had changed. Kaysen for the better and Gilman, I feel changed for the worse. In Girl, Interrupted, Kaysen meets friends, learn about life, love, and herself and gets out of McLean. She meets a very wealthy bachelor and they date. I feel she had the more positive ending of the two stories. Gilman in The Yellow Wallpaper on the other hand, should be sent to a real phsychiatric hospital. She did not have such(prenominal) a positive outcome. Basically, Gilman had her freedom and sanity stripped from her by her husband. Living in solitary confinement, I would have gone insane two. But in those times, she had no choice but to do what her husband requested. However sad, that was life at the time.

Reverand Hale in Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay -- Essay on The Cr

The Salem witch trials of 1692 caused much confusion and chaos. A total of 19 were kill for supposed witchcraft. For such a travesty to occur and to end, there must be certain people that catalyze the event and others that speak out against it. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, specific characters contri thoe to the rising hysteria of witchcraft and the disapproval of the convictions. rarified Hale is a unique character that provides attributions to both sides. Although Reverend Hale is a catalyst to the beginning of the witch trials because he protects the authority of the court with a strict interpretation of its laws, he later realizes the falsehood of the courts accusations, and he makes a dramatic shift in his dependency on the law and in his beliefs of witchcraft. For the first half of the play, Hale strictly follows the law to maintain order, and as a result contributes to the beginning of the witch trials. For example, in his first scene of the play he enters Parris h ouse to help his niece, who is believed to have a spell rank upon her, and is carrying a heavy load of books that are ...are weighted with authority (34). He prepares himself to ignore any conclusions based from emotional involvement or sensibility by tutelage at hand lawful books to guide him. He trusts his books to keep control over the arising dilemma. In addition, when two church-going women, Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurse, are accused of witchcraft, the womens husbands begin to argue the case, but Hale still defends the court I have seen too many frightful proofs in court -- the Devil is alive in Salem, and we dare not quail to follow wherever the accusing finger points(68). Although it is ludicrous that two of the most la... ...the first few people persecuted, he realizes the integrity of life and that it cannot be wasted. He recognizes that he had mistakenly contributed to the death of those in the trials, and now wants to put an end to the hangings and save the lives of t hose undeserving of death. Hale demonstrates his change in ideals by proper emotionally involved in the situation and allowing himself to try to protect the loose victims. Hale changes from being in favor of the witch trials to opposing it because of the obviously innocent people that are sentenced to death. The Reverend is able to see his sins and the evils around him, and he reveal his strength and will in standing up for what he knows is right. He shows the reader that it is not ones reputation or fulfilling a job that is justifiable to God, but ones ability to protect His will of righteousness.

Essay --

Every day, advances in technology lead us near and ne arer to fully autonomous robots, but even today, robots play a huge role in our lives. Robots exist obviously in software, just forecast at your smartphone, but robots in hardware exist too, recently, robots such as Asimo, Watson, and Deep Blue were able to perform actions which were thought to be exclusively reality such as scaling stairs, making meaningful conversation, and playing chess. But with so many robots already existing, and the rapid progress we are making in the field of robotics, will robots eventually become the dominant life form? This question has puzzled philosophers and sci-fi authors alike for decades however, the truth of the matter is that robots already have interpreted over. Without robots in our lives, we simply could not survive as we are. Additionally, robots are not plagued by consciousness, and would never jeopardise their own existence as humans so often do. Finally, robots today have the ability to reproduce themselves this innate and conventionally biological trait is what turns a mere object into an animate life-form.Robots play an intact part in our society, they run our businesses, maintain our economy and do our manufacturing, without them, the routines we have set would crumble. Robots however, are not dependant on human existence they could theoretically remain self-sufficient forever. By 2014, active cell phones will outnumber humans. These devices are a prime example of consumer robotics and artificial intelligence we are committed to them at all times, and could not communicate without them. Furthermore, we rely on our robots to run our industry, manufacturing, business administration and plant automation would not be possible without ... ...anufacture. This is shown in many robotic assembly lines, where robots are able to produce a product, or indeed another robot, in a fraction of the time it would take a human to do so. This vastly superior reproduction proces s not only qualifies robots as a bona fide life form, but also sets them higher from humans with respect to dominance.Robots play a huge role in the life of the human race, but robots, while they are the servants of the human race, are dominant already. Robots are quicker, smarter and more powerful than any biological life form, pocket calculators will outsmart even the cleverest humans, it is for this reason that we rely on them so much, and with them having a great survivability and a better reproduction system than humans, it is obvious why robots already are superior, and therefore more dominant in numbers, strength and size, than humans.

Hawthornes Scarlet Letter - Rev. Arthur Dimmesdale and the Scaffold Scenes :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter - Dimmesdale and the Scaffold Scenes In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, there are three very important scenes that all take place at the town scaffold, a place of great shame in their strict puritan society. These scenes represent the progression of Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale over the course of the story. Each scene involves him in some way and one can easily see that he has changed dramatically in all three. The first scaffold scene takes place in the very beginning of the story. Hester Prynne, a woman who has committed adultery and leave alone not name the father of her child, is forced to stand upon the scaffold in shame for three hours in front of a crowd of people. Dimmesdale, who is later revealed as the father, openly denies his sin and even goes as far as telling Hester to speak out the name of thy fellow-sinner and fellow-sufferer, in order to make sure that zilch suspects him. While the author doesnt make his guilt very obvious, he does give a few hints that suggest Dimmesdale does have some sort of hidden secret. In this scene, the Reverend shows his original strength of character, which he slowly loses over the course of the story. Seven years later, in the middle of the night, Dimmesdale finally admits to his sin while stand up on the scaffold, just as Hester did so very long ago. It has been eating away at him all this time and feels that he also must be punished, though he cannot bring himself to confess publicly. He even brands his chest with the same letter A that Hester has been forced to wear upon her clothing to show that she is an adulterer. In the third and final scaffold scene, Dimmesdale finally reveals his secret to the public. And as Pearl kissed his lips...a spell was broken, Dimmesdale conquers his guilt and dies right there on the scaffold with an open conscience. He also escapes

Maine is More Family Friendly than California :: Free Argumentative Essays

Maine is More Family Friendly than CaliforniaI moved to California three years agone from Maine. I really like it here. But when my husband and I start a family, I want to move back. Quite simply, Maine is a better derriere to raise children than California. on that point are many reasons why Maine is superior. Take the crime rate, for example. According to the United States Census Bureau, the 1992-crime rate per 1000 people in Maine was 131 Californias was 1120 many could argue that these crimes might have no impact on children, so lets look at the child abuse rates. Maines rate was five per 1000 people, compared to 326 in California (1). These numbers portray a safer environment in Maine. My parents only began locking their homes front door a few years ago they direct lock it but leave the key in the mailbox just two feet away. I never lost my car keys in Maine because I always left them in the ignition try that here and see how long you have a vehicleThe crime rate isnt the on ly difference-how about scantness? 1996 statistics from the United States Bureau of the Census show 13.8% and 18.2% rates for child poverty in Maine and California, respectively (1). Money isnt everything, but certainly a poverty-level lack of income wont facilitate in child rearing.Education is another important factor to consider. The United States Department of Education reported the national average percentage of high naturalize seniors who fine-tuned during the 1992-1993 school year was 71.1%. Maines percentage was 74.3, while California posted 67.9% (1). I believe this is due to a much little population, which, in turn, produces smaller schools. Student-to-teacher ratios tend to be much smaller. I graduated with a class of thirty-six students. My schools total enrollment (grades 6-12) was around 130. Individual attention was not a problem.Maine schools (and perhaps Maine families in general) also do a better job of educating their teens on sex and birth control. Pregnancy rates per 1000 teenage girls in 1996 prove this. Maines rate was a low 57 as compared to Californias 125 (Alan Guttmacher Institute 1). Preventing teen pregnancies will help keep the high school graduate level high and, consequently, keep the poverty level low.There are also benefits of growing up in Maine that cannot be measured by statistics. There is a sense of community evident, even in Maines larger towns and cities.

Maine is More Family Friendly than California :: Free Argumentative Essays

Maine is More Family Friendly than atomic number 20I moved to California three years ago from Maine. I really like it here. But when my husband and I start a family, I want to move back. kinda simply, Maine is a better place to raise children than California.There are many reasons why Maine is superior. Take the crime yard, for example. According to the United States Census Bureau, the 1992-crime value per g-force people in Maine was 131 Californias was 1120 Some could argue that these crimes might have no impact on children, so lets look at the child abuse place. Maines rate was five per 1000 people, compared to 326 in California (1). These numbers portray a safer environment in Maine. My parents only began locking their homes front door a few years ago they now lock it but leave the key in the mailbox just two feet away. I never lost my cable car keys in Maine because I always left them in the ignition try that here and see how long you have a vehicleThe crime rate isnt the only difference-how about poverty? 1996 statistics from the United States Bureau of the Census show 13.8% and 18.2% rates for child poverty in Maine and California, respectively (1). Money isnt everything, but for sure a poverty-level lack of income wont help in child rearing.Education is another important factor to consider. The United States Department of Education reported the national just percentage of high school seniors who graduated during the 1992-1993 school year was 71.1%. Maines percentage was 74.3, while California posted 67.9% (1). I believe this is due to a frequently smaller population, which, in turn, produces smaller schools. Student-to-teacher ratios tend to be much smaller. I graduated with a class of thirty-six students. My schools total enrollment (grades 6-12) was around 130. soulfulness attention was not a problem.Maine schools (and perhaps Maine families in general) also do a better job of educating their teens on sex and birth control. Pregnancy rates p er 1000 teenage girls in 1996 prove this. Maines rate was a low 57 as compared to Californias 125 (Alan Guttmacher Institute 1). Preventing teen pregnancies will help extend the high school graduate level high and, consequently, keep the poverty level low.There are also benefits of growing up in Maine that cannot be measured by statistics. There is a sense of community evident, even in Maines larger towns and cities.

Client Server Model Essay

The Internet is based on a client- emcee model, where every day, millions and millions of computers be accessing thousands and thousands of servers. Many of the things we procedure our computers for today make use of this model, from web browsing to electronic mail. Over the years, competing models of net in watch overing emerged to compete with the client-server model. The peer-to-peer model has been a prominent competitor with vast differences. Mainframe architecture, from which the client-server evolved, lock up has a place in business today and the two compete on the back-end. This essay will discuss the client-server model, and compare it with other models it has been in challenger with the peer-to-peer model, and mainframe architecture.THE CLIENT-SERVER MODELThe client-server model is a distributed application structure that involves tasks being partitioned between servers, which are responsible for providing serve or resources, and clients, which do the service request ing. Clients are usually a personal computer, and recently have been expanded to include mobile devices. The client does not share its own resources with the server, but it does initiate requests for services or content from the server.Client/server systems evolved from mainframe architecture when it was realized that personal computers had become more self-sufficient, both in data storage and impact power, not to mention more affordable. Personal computers were able to offer just about all the features that were offered on mainframe computers. At the outset, the client-server model existed as a two-tier architecture a client and an application server, in which the client acts as a presentation level that communicates with the server, a centralized data layer. Most client-server architectures are two-tier. In fact, most Internet applications are simple two-tier applications.This includes Email (SMTP), web browsing (HTTP), and file transfer applications (FTP). Each application for these protocols presents a graphical user interface (GUI) that helps a user interact with the server. A third tier was later added, as a functionality layer to exist between the presentation layer and the data layer. This layer, referred to as the application tier, was added to manage requests made from the client. This is where scripts are performed before information is requested from the data storage layer. In terms of our class, this is where our ASP jurisprudence would be executed to query the Northwind database. As mentioned above, the client-server model is the most commonly used model with regards to the Internet. There are many advantages to using this model all over others, but at the same time, there are some disadvantages to using the model.CLIENT-SERVER MODEL ADVANTAGESThe client-server model has several advantages. The first and foremost is centralization. Having one central server makes it much easier to manage a meshwork. For instance, having a central server th at stores a networks user names and passwords, as well as to each one users privilege rights makes it much easier than having to manually configure the rights on each computer on the network. Without the distribution of resources that client-server architecture allows, if a network contained binary servers, each one would need to be updated individually with user login and privilege information. System updates can alike be made to many computers at formerly from any computer on the network, instead of having to do so one by one. Scheduled backups made by the server make it easier to recover lost files. Leaving each individual client on a network the responsibility of backing up its own computer can prove to be complicated and dangerous.Centralization also allows security measures to be distributed throughout the network by the server, making it safer than a peer-to-peer network. It also means that users on a network using the client-server model can use shared printers and stor age space, which can cut down on costs. Having central storage on the server is also a good way for client computers to save hard drive space and prevent redundancy. The second advantage is its ease of scalability. Adding several computers in a client-server model is much easier than doing so in a peer-to-peer model. This is because an administrator can easily install any necessary applications to computers added to the network from the server. Making any additions to a client-server network will not cause any interruptions to other clients on the network. Having a client-server setup also ensures safer remote accessibility.CLIENT-SERVER MODEL DISADVANTAGESAlthough the client-server model has many advantages, it does come with some disadvantages. Though some costs can be cut using a client-server-model as mentioned above, the server must be robust and mightily enough to support the client computers on its network. Because of this, there is a large cost that goes along with operatin g the servers. Another disadvantage that adds cost is the maintenance essential for the servers. Most client-server networks need at least a network administrator to oversee and maintain the network.This is something that is not needed in a peer-to-peer network, since there is no centralized server, and each client node is responsible for maintaining itself. Because a client-server based network relies on a central server, each client in the network is reliant on the server to operate. If the server goes down for any reason, the network will not be able to function. To ensure that this doesnt happen, many networks forthwith employ backup servers, which of course, is an extra cost. Congestion is also a possible issue for networks using a client-server model. Again, since the centralized server is handling the brunt of traffic from clients on the network, if many client computers are using the network at the same time, it will slow down the servers response.

“Changing Our Lives”

After graduating high school, I thought I had in each my decisions in place of what I wanted to do with my life. I later found myself letting the extracts of my younger days affect what is happening in my life now. Ive now taken the by rights steps into get my life back on track, starting with obtaining the goals that I once motivated myself to achieve after high school.That is why Ive chosen to further my instruction beyond a high school diploma to obtain financial growth, my college degree, and successful career opportunities. In the world today, it seems that financial issues are taking their tolls in peoples lives more often than it use to be when everyone thought that their job offered exactly what they wanted. Later they found out that they were not getting the afford needed to support their household with the job that is being maintained with hard make up, long hours, and poor benefits.Now after me giving careful consideration as to what I wanted to do in life, I found that with the right degree by my side I could benefit so much more in pay options, family support, and not just be in a job croping hard but a career where I am very making a difference one day at a time. With my degree in hand, it not only paves the way for my financial growth, but it helps me be able to show my children how important tuition apprize be in the world today.It helps me to feel so much better knowing that I reached my goals, with all the hard work and dedication that came with being a college student. I can truly say that it was not easy day to day trying to redeem up with the work, pretend a job, and raise a family at the same time. But, when I look at the reasons as to why I am doing this all I have to remember is that my family depends on me Not only does this benefit your family, but it also adds to your list of achievements a long with my high school diploma.I can just imagine when I walk across the stage how great it will feel when I walk away with degree in the field of operations of study of my choice to success Once I create so much opportunity for myself with a degree, it will be time to put it to work with getting the job I al slipway wanted. Now, I am the only one who could stop me. There is also now the choice of hours that could put me right where I want to be, and thats with my family. I would not be constantly working late, missing school programs, lunches, conferences, and more because I made a choice to better myself and my surroundings.Because I chose to get a degree and move into a new line of work of helping others, somebody may actually have a chance of being helped in the ways that I have always imagined giving to someone else. That is now what it is mostly coming to in my subject matter of how can I put this hard work that I did to work in the most positive way in someone elses life. Ive found now that once these achievements are reached, Im not only inspiring myself, but also my wife and children.Once they see t he hard work that Ive put in to giving them a better way of life and how it was done, it could make way for their success and family once married and faced with the ways of real adulthood. Some children think that its okay just to stop at just a high school diploma because some parents arent too interested in furthering past what they have been taught by their parents. So as for me and my family, Im taking the necessary steps to show my children that education does matter and dreams do come true

Management Control System Essay

A common fleet significantly simplifies scheduling, operations, and maintenance. Training costs for pilots, primer coat crew, and mechanics are refuse, because theres only a wiz aircraft to learn. Purchasing, provisioning, and other operations are also vastly simplified, therefore lowering costs. 2. People Southwest tries hard to different way. For example, not assigning seats in its flights helps to reinforce its image that it gets passengers to their destinations when they want to get there, on time, at the lowest possible fares.By not assigning seats, Southwest can turn the airplanes faster at the gate. If an airplane can be turned quicker, more routes can be flown each day. That generates more revenue, so that Southwest can offer lower fares. About 60% of Southwests passenger revenue was generated by online bookings via southwest. com. That southwest. com was the number one airline website by revenue and Nielsen/Net Rating identify it as the largest airline site in terms of u nique visitors. 2. How do Southwests control systems help execute the firms dodging?Southwests control system help execute the firms strategy by Implementing short haul and medium haul, on-line booking, less(prenominal) time at the gate, hedged fuel and oil Southwest consistently sought out ways to improve its efficiencies and pass on the cost savings to its passengers. In 2004, Southwest had reduce the headcount per aircraft to 74 from 85 in 2003. It hedged about 85% of its fuel and oil needs as a result saved about $ 455 million . It also entered new airports after a process of due diligence and with a sense of commitment to the citizenry it served.Southwest pilots were among the only pilots of major U. S. airlines who did not belong to a nation union. National union rules limited the number of hours pilots could fly. But Southwests pilots were unionised independently allowing them to fly far more hours than pilots at other airlines. Othe workers at SWA wree nationally unioniz ed but their contracts wrere flexible enough to allow them to jump in and help out regardless of the task at hand. From the time the plane landed until it was ready for takeoff took approx 20-25 minutes at SWA and required a ground crew of 4 plus 2 at the gate.Is the controller relationship of Martex better than that of Rendell current organizationalrelationship ? Objective To achieve profitability and growth Ans 1 What is the organisational philosophy of Martex with respect to the controller function? What do you think of it? Should Rendell Adopt this philosophy? The organizational philosophy of Martex with respect to the controller function is thatdivisional controller work to the corporate controller for transparency of information on budget issues. According to us it has the following Adv and disadv

How to establish respectful, professional relationships with children Essay

3.1.1Describe how to establish delight inful, professional relationships with children. It is essential that t severallyers establish positive relationships with all children. You can establish respectful professional relationships with children and young people by doing the followingGive children the opportunity to put forward their ideas and provide children with opportunities to express themselves in their own time and using their own words give children cerebration time and talking partners time.Give children your full attention when listening to them this can be achieved through body oral communication, facial expression, speech and gesture. audition to children is key to establishing a positive relationship it is essential that teachers listen to children and then respond appropriately, these skills can be modelled to children through speaking and listening.3.1.2Describe with examples how to be nominate appropriately for a child stage of instruction.Children like to thin k they are grown up so they pull up stakes tend to push the boundaries, they maybe talking to you about(predicate) school or their friends and slip in a naughty word, when you ask where did you hear that word from they will say i heard it from ( say ) another(prenominal) adult.When you are communicating with children and young people you need to communicate with them at their age related stage of development, be defecate children develop at different stages few might be more advanced than others, children with special needs will need more help from other professionals who will assess their stage of development and areas that will need focus on.Foundation stage and key stage 1Children of all ages and stages will guard varying levels of attention span, the younger children will need more reassurance than the older children, especially when they first start school. These children are very young so they will be developing their communication and language skills. When you are addres sing them you need to come down to their level otherwise they could get frightened if you are standing over them while trying to communicate with them. You have to make sure you have their full undivided attention when communicating with them as their attention span is very limited and they tire very chop-chop with them being so young, you could besides ask them to repeat back the conversation you have had with them so you know whether they understand what you have spoken about, you will also get an idea of what level of an understanding they are at.Key stage 2When the children go into key stage 2 they have already started to develop especially the way they communicate with each other and their teachers, they will have a level of understanding and will be more considerate of the needs of others especially with children with special needs they tend to protect them alot more and interact with them and help to keep them on the right path. You will at some catamenia still have to re mind them not to interrupt when others are talking but this could be due to immaturity.Key stage 3 and 4 instantly the children are older they will know how to communicate effectively with other people. Teenagers will start to feel more self conscious especially if they have to do a speech in front of other peers and may show signs of embarrassment, they will often need plenty of time to prepare themselves both mentally and physically this will in turn help them to steady their nerves and also help them to grow in confidence.3.2.2Describe the main differences surrounded by communication with adults andcommunicating with children. When we are communicating with adults it is important to address them by their preferred title this in turn is showing respect, for example With adults you are communicating with you can use more complex language, whereas with children you have to keep it clear and to the point so they understand what you are talking about, it is important for them to feel commodious with you, especially since you are going to be working closely with them in the classroom, you have to show themThat you are a caring individual,Respect their wishes in the setting, give politely and courteously,Give them all the support they need,Listen to their views,Ask questions on a need to know basis,Always try to handle disagreements with adults in a way that will maintain a positive relationship, This will make it easier to work in a team and therefore less likely to cause friction in the setting, this will also make you a good role model for children aswell as the adultsWhen your in a discussion with an adult it is unobjectionable to say everyone will have different views, some adults expect you to have the same views as themselves, your not always going to agree on matters, as long as you show mutual respect and be professional the best way to get over this is to communicate effectively and respect each others views, as long as you are able to support other a dults then you are on the right path, when the compromise has been met you can for example head youre approachableDemonstrate positive behaviourGive support as and when it is requiredDemonstrate your listening skillsShow commitmentShow respectDont gossip about work colleaguesRespond politely.

Protestant Reformation and Martin Luther

rehabilitation Websites Section 1 Life of Martin Luther 1. Fill out the natural organizer using http//www. Luther. De/en/Enoch. hypertext markup language Life of Martin Luther After vaulting his parents, he was caught In a terrible thunderstorm. During the storm lightning struck near him, and he was thrown to the ground. At this moment he called to Saint Anne, and declared l entrust occasion a monk. wherefore did he decide to become a Monk? When did he decide to become a Monk? During a terrible storm. When did he become a professor at Wattenberg (Germany) university? 1507 he started professed at 1 512 What did he do as a professor?He came into contact with the ideas of the humanists and embraced their slogan. 2. dress these questions using the routine at http//www. Circular. sack/ report/ wave/Luther. HTML a. Where did followers of Martin Lathers ideas (Lutheran) live? Germany Denmark Sweden Norway Prussia a. Where did followers of another reformer, earth-closet Calvin (Ca lvinist) live? The city of Genoa Switzerland. Scotland, England, France, Italy, Bohemia, Poland, and the Dutch Netherlands. B. Was the majority of europium Catholic or Protestant during the reformation? Protestants Section 2 Luthers Beliefs 1.Find out what Martin Luther believed about Faith. Read the passage in the undermentioned link and fill out the chart. Http//www. Icicle. Org/pub/resources/text/ Wattenberg/Luther/Luther- cartel. Txt What faith IS according to Luther What faith is NOT according to Luther living bold trust in Gods graces office and knowledge of goddesses makes you happy freely willingly do well-be wee-weed things serve people love and praise god holy spiral Followed by wakeless works or Better life Section 3 Luther Posts his 95 Theses 1. Use the following website to fill in the table below on Lathers 95 Theses. Www. Luther. De/en/nonchalant. HTMLCause Event Effect Why was Luther upset with the church building? Http// The people where no longer coming to hem for their confessions they were going to different towns. What did he do about it? He wrote 95 theses which were use as the background for discussion on the topic. What was the reaction to the 95 Theses? Some humanists approved of these, but parts of the popish church building completely rejected them What is an indulgence? They supposedly categorised Luther as a follower of the heretic Jan Hush and threatened to have him burned at the stake. What were the 95 Theses? Used for basic discussion on a topic.Section 4 Effects of the Reformation 1. Complete the following chart using http//www. Luther. De/en/banana. HTML and http// Cause practically declared a heretic some(prenominal) churches wanted Luther to recant his teachings while he was there Luther is excommunicated (explain what happened) trip to worms Diet of Worms (explain what it was) repentance object lens clever thought out Section 5 effect Press 1. Use the following 3 links to answer the questions about the printing bring up. Http// www. Definer. Com/history/inventions/story. HTML http//www. Gutenberg. De/English/refinery. HTML a.What is the printing press? Was can press specially designed to achieve an effective an even transfer b. Who invented the printing press? Genius of Guttenberg c. How does it work? Pressing the letters down to and so produce ink on paper d. How did the printing press help Martin Luther? It allowed them to write in a more advanced easier way Section 6 Changing atomic number 63 1. Use the map found at the following link and what you have learned so far to answer the questions below http//chlorofluorocarbon. Wiseacres. Com/Everything *Europe a. How would a map of the year 1400 be different? (Hint think religions T would show where religions migrated or lived Catholic? Because of where their priest where located and what they were taught in that area c. What extend to did Luther have on this map? With where religions lived a. What impact did the printing press have on th is map? It allowed them to write clearly and readable to all. Section 7 evaluation Task You are going to become a reporter during the early 1 asss. You will be creating a newspaper article based on an event, the key figures, or problem. 1. You are to write an article on one of the topics listed below a. Complaints with the perform .Key figures Calvin, Woozily, Erasmus c. Martin Luther and his 95 Theses d. Compare and contrast common beliefs of the Catholic and Protestant Church (language, ultimate authority & salvation) 2. Research and answer the following questions using the suggested websites in 3. A. Why were people dissatisfied with the Catholic Church in the asses? B. What were Lathers criticisms of the Church? C. How did the printing press affect Reformation ideas? A. Why did Luther want the Bible translated from Latin into German and other languages? B. How did the Church respond to Lathers 95 Theses? C.How did the ideas of John Calvin, John Woozily, and Desires Erasmus inf luence the Reformation? D. How was Europe affected by the events following Lathers excommunication? How did the map of Europe change? 2. Suggest website resources John Woozily http//www. BBC. Co. UK/history John Calvin http//www. Unwanted. Org http//www. Excel. Org http//www. Immersed. Com http//www. Was. Du Desires Erasmus http//www. Gospel. Net http//en. Wisped. Org http//www. Studiously. Com/ Martin Luther http//www. PBS. Org http//www. U-s-history. Com Spreading of Lathers Ideas Church Dissatisfaction Lathers Criticism http//www. Calgary. Ca Reformation http//www. Encouragement. Org http//www. Wisped. Org * 95 theses 95 theses was written by Martin Luther this year 1 517 and is the catalyst for the protestant reformation. It was the sales of indulgence, it centers on the practices within the catholic church regarding baptism and absolution. It views upon how to repent and how to be less sinful. These should be strictly followed by anyone in the church. There are times where you are allowed to conciliate your pain or frustration in purgatory. He is focusing on catholic churches. enthral be aware of the new movement.Protestant Reformation and Martin LutherReformation Websites Section 1 Life of Martin Luther 1. Fill out the graphic organizer using http//www. Luther. De/en/Enoch. HTML Life of Martin Luther After vaulting his parents, he was caught In a terrible thunderstorm. During the storm lightning struck near him, and he was thrown to the ground. At this moment he called to Saint Anne, and declared l will become a monk. Why did he decide to become a Monk? When did he decide to become a Monk? During a terrible storm. When did he become a professor at Wattenberg (Germany) university? 1507 he started professed at 1 512 What did he do as a professor?He came into contact with the ideas of the humanists and embraced their slogan. 2. Answer these questions using the map at http//www. Circular. Net/history/ Marcel/Luther. HTML a. Where did followers of Martin La thers ideas (Lutheran) live? Germany Denmark Sweden Norway Prussia a. Where did followers of another reformer, John Calvin (Calvinist) live? The city of Genoa Switzerland. Scotland, England, France, Italy, Bohemia, Poland, and the Dutch Netherlands. B. Was the majority of Europe Catholic or Protestant during the reformation? Protestants Section 2 Luthers Beliefs 1.Find out what Martin Luther believed about Faith. Read the passage in the following link and fill out the chart. Http//www. Icicle. Org/pub/resources/text/ Wattenberg/Luther/Luther-faith. Txt What faith IS according to Luther What faith is NOT according to Luther living bold trust in Gods graces confidence and knowledge of goddesses makes you happy freely willingly do good things serve people love and praise god holy spiral Followed by good works or Better life Section 3 Luther Posts his 95 Theses 1. Use the following website to fill in the table below on Lathers 95 Theses. Www. Luther. De/en/nonchalant. HTMLCause Event Ef fect Why was Luther upset with the church? Http// The people where no longer coming to hem for their confessions they were going to different towns. What did he do about it? He wrote 95 theses which were use as the basis for discussion on the topic. What was the reaction to the 95 Theses? Some humanists approved of these, but parts of the Roman Church completely rejected them What is an indulgence? They supposedly categorized Luther as a follower of the heretic Jan Hush and threatened to have him burned at the stake. What were the 95 Theses? Used for basic discussion on a topic.Section 4 Effects of the Reformation 1. Complete the following chart using http//www. Luther. De/en/banana. HTML and http// Cause practically declared a heretic both churches wanted Luther to recant his teachings while he was there Luther is excommunicated (explain what happened) trip to worms Diet of Worms (explain what it was) repentance objective clever thought out Section 5 Printing Press 1. Use the follo wing 3 links to answer the questions about the printing press. Http// www. Definer. Com/history/inventions/story. HTML http//www. Gutenberg. De/English/refinery. HTML a.What is the printing press? Was screw press specially designed to achieve an effective an even transfer b. Who invented the printing press? Genius of Guttenberg c. How does it work? Pressing the letters down to then produce ink on paper d. How did the printing press help Martin Luther? It allowed them to write in a more advanced easier way Section 6 Changing Europe 1. Use the map found at the following link and what you have learned so far to answer the questions below http//chlorofluorocarbon. Wiseacres. Com/Everything *Europe a. How would a map of the year 1400 be different? (Hint think religions T would show where religions migrated or lived Catholic? Because of where their priest where located and what they were taught in that area c. What impact did Luther have on this map? With where religions lived a. What imp act did the printing press have on this map? It allowed them to write clearly and readable to all. Section 7 Evaluation Task You are going to become a reporter during the early 1 asss. You will be creating a newspaper article based on an event, the key figures, or problem. 1. You are to write an article on one of the topics listed below a. Complaints with the Church .Key figures Calvin, Woozily, Erasmus c. Martin Luther and his 95 Theses d. Compare and contrast common beliefs of the Catholic and Protestant Church (language, ultimate authority & salvation) 2. Research and answer the following questions using the suggested websites in 3. A. Why were people dissatisfied with the Catholic Church in the asses? B. What were Lathers criticisms of the Church? C. How did the printing press affect Reformation ideas? A. Why did Luther want the Bible translated from Latin into German and other languages? B. How did the Church respond to Lathers 95 Theses? C.How did the ideas of John Calvin, Joh n Woozily, and Desires Erasmus influence the Reformation? D. How was Europe affected by the events following Lathers excommunication? How did the map of Europe change? 2. Suggest website resources John Woozily http//www. BBC. Co. UK/history John Calvin http//www. Unwanted. Org http//www. Excel. Org http//www. Immersed. Com http//www. Was. Du Desires Erasmus http//www. Gospel. Net http//en. Wisped. Org http//www. Studiously. Com/ Martin Luther http//www. PBS. Org http//www. U-s-history. Com Spreading of Lathers Ideas Church Dissatisfaction Lathers Criticism http//www. Calgary. Ca Reformation http//www. Encouragement. Org http//www. Wisped. Org * 95 theses 95 theses was written by Martin Luther this year 1 517 and is the catalyst for the protestant reformation. It was the sales of indulgence, it centers on the practices within the catholic church regarding baptism and absolution. It views upon how to repent and how to be less sinful. These should be strictly followed by anyone in the church. There are times where you are allowed to relieve your pain or frustration in purgatory. He is focusing on catholic churches. Please be aware of the new movement.

Dow Chemical Business Analysis Essay

Historically, the chemic industry has operated in a competitive environment, which is not anticipate to change. Dow experiences significant competitions in each of its operating segments as well as in each of the geographic areas in which it operates. Dow competes globally on the foundation of quality, technology, price, and customer service and operates in an integrated manufacturing environment. Basic raw materials are processed through many stages to produce many products that are sold as end goods at different points in the process. Dow has two major raw material streams that feed the production of the finished goods which are chlorine-based and hydrocarbon based raw materials. (Dow chemic Company, n.d.) work EnvironmentThe business environment of Dow is one that has strategically positioned itself to withstand the invariably-changing forces of economic, social, political and technological factors it faces daily. Dow consistently identifies opportunities and new technologie s before its competition which stimulates their industry-leader position. (1)Financial wellnessDow has great financial strength. Their sensible financial discipline has proven beneficial in young global economic challenges and has actually helped position it for future growth. The recent global economic challenges forced Dow to take steps towards strengthening and diversifying its portfolio. The companion has come out on the some other side of the challenges with a portfolio that is better supply for economic uncertainties. (Dow Chemical Company, n.d.)During 2011, Dow* had double-digit gains in revenue and earnings per share * postedrecord revenues at a Company level, as well as in emerging geographies * introduced game-changing investings and partnerships that will allow the Company to capture more demand in the worlds fastest growing regions * recognized a stronger than ever before R&D innovation pipeline Analyzing the data attained from Dows 2011 financial statements confirm the Companys financial heath and sustainability.Dows fluidity proportionality is a follows true Assets = 23,442 millionCurrent Liabilities = 13,634 millionLiquidity proportion = 23,422/13,634 = 1.72Dow has $1.72 of current assets for either $1.00 of current liability. The current ratio should be at a 2 or greater to be considered a fail-safe risk however, Dow is a reputable global organization accepting the investment to be a safe risk. Dows Acid-test ratio is a follows hard cash = 5,444 millionAccounts receivable = 4,900 millionMeasurable Securities = 7,057 millionCurrent Liabilities = 13,634 millionAcid-test ratio = 4,444+4,900+7,057/13,634 = 1.28Dow has 1.28 acid-test ratio. The ratio needs to be between a 0.05 and 1.0 to be satisfactory. The acid-test ratio determines whether an organization has luxuriant short-term assets to c everywhere immediate liabilities without selling inventory. (Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2010, p. 20-21) Dows ratio is just slightly above 1.0, allow ing it to be considered satisfactory.Dows Debt to owners ratio is as followsTotal Liabilities = 27,476 million owners Equity = 22,281 millionDebt to owners ratio = 27,476/22,281 = 1.23 or 123%The debt to owners ratio should be anything 100% or less. (Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2010, p. 20-21) Dow is just over however, other competitors in the industry have similar ratios signifying debt financing in the chemical industry is more grateful and commonplace. Dows Return on sales is as follows crystalise Income = 3,200 millionNet Sales = 52,985 millionReturn on sales = 3,200/52,985 = 0.06 or 6%Return on sales for Dow is slightly glower than its researched competitors in producing income from sales.CompetitorsAs previously stated, the chemical industry is a highly competitive environment. Two of Dows leading competitors include BASF and DuPont. BASF is the worlds leading chemical company with about 111,000 employees and just under 370 production sites worldwide. BASF serve customers and partners in almost every country in the world. In 2011, BASF posted sales of $73.5 billion. (BASF web site) BASFs Liquidity ratio is a followsCurrent Assets = 27,088 millionCurrent Liabilities = 16,447 millionLiquidity ratio = 27,088/16,477 = 1.64BASF has $1.64 of current assets for every $1.00 of current liability. The current ratio should be at a 2 or greater to be considered a safe risk however, BASF is a reputable global organization considering the investment to be a safe risk. (Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2010, p. 20-21) BASFs Acid-test ratio is a followsCash = 2,048 millionAccounts Receivable = 10,886 millionCurrent Liabilities = 16,477 millionAcid-test ratio = 2,048+10,886/16,477 =. 78BASF has a .78 acid-test ratio. The ratio needs to be between a 0.05 and 1.0 to be satisfactory. The acid-test ratio determines whether an organization has enough short-term assets to cover immediate liabilities without selling inventory. (Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2010, p. 20-21) BASFs ratio is in line and right where it should be furthermore, considered satisfactory in regards to this measure. BASFs Debt to owners ratio is as followsTotal Liabilities = 35,790 millionOwners Equity = 25,385 millionDebt to owners ratio = 35,790/25,385 = 1.41 or 141%The Debt to owners ratio should be anything 100% or less. (Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2010, p. 20-21) BASF is just over however, other competitors in the industry have similar ratios signifying debt financing in the chemical industry is more acceptable. BASFs Return on sales is as followsNet Income = 6,188 millionNet Sales = 73,497 millionReturn on sales = 6,188/73,497 = 0.08 or 8%Return on sales is higher than Dows and lower than DuPont. Another strong competitor is DuPont. DuPont is a world leader in market-driven innovation and science. DuPont brings science and engineering to the global marketplace through innovative products, materials and serve which enable their customers in almost all industries to meet the current and future needs of society. (DuPont.com) DuPonts Liquidity ratio is a followsCurrent Assets = 18,058 millionCurrent Liabilities = 11,185 millionLiquidity ratio = 18,058/11,185 = 1.61DuPont has $1.61 of current assets for every $1.00 of current liability. The current ratio should be at a 2 or greater to be considered a safe risk however, DuPont is a reputable global organization permitting the investment as a safe risk. (Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2010, p. 20-21)DuPonts Acid-test ratio is a followsCash = 3,586 millionAccounts Receivable = 4,598 millionMeasurable Securities = 433 millionCurrent Liabilities = 11,185 millionAcid-test ratio = 3,586+4,598+433/11,185 = .77DuPont has a 0.77 acid-test ratio. The ratio needs to be between a 0.05 and 1.0 to be satisfactory. The acid-test ratio determines whether an organization has enough short-term assets to cover immediate liabilities without selling inventory. (Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2010, p. 20-21) DuPonts ratio is satisfactory.DuPonts D ebt to owners ratio is as followsTotal Liabilities = 39,899 millionOwners Equity = 8,593 millionDebt to owners ratio = 39,899/8,593 = 4.64 or 464%The Debt to owners ratio should be anything 100% or less. (Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2010, p. 20-21) DuPont is importantly over this desired range at 464%, indicating that the significantly financed based on borrowed funds that must be paid back. In comparing this ratio to industry competitors, DuPont is still considerably over. DuPonts Return on sales is as followsNet Income = 3,474 millionNet Sales = 37,961 millionReturn on sales = 3,474/37.961 = 0.09 or 9%DuPonts return on sales is strong when comparing DuPont to Dow and BASF.Technological AdvantagesDows innovation sets them apart from the competition on numerous levels. Dow is the worlds * largest and most experienced ethene and chlorine producer * largest producer of chlorine and caustic* leader in the production of purified ethylene oxideAs of December 31, 2011, Dow owned a total of 18,120 patents world-wide. These patents value the results of its research. The company had revenue related to patents and technology royalties of $437 million in 2011.Today, Dows innovation efforts further supports a new level world-wide growth, generates strong cash flows and enables them to commercialize or bring the technologies to the market. (Dow Chemical Company, n.d.) Dows innovations from 2011 include * DOW POWERHOUSE Solar Shingle a solar panel which aesthetically looks like a waggle for the housing industry. * PASCAL Technology a new polyurethane insulating solution to boost energy efficiency in appliances. * EVOQUE Pre-Composite Polymer Technology allows paint manufactures to maximize covert efficiencies. GlobalizationIn an effort to satisfy the demands of a growing world, Dow is putting their innovations to work on every continent. In 2011, 32% of sales were gained from emerging geographies. Dows increasing investment into developed and emerging regions of the g lobe is empowering them to take advantage and capitalize on growth where it is happening. (Dow Chemical Company, n.d.)BenchmarkingDows vast and well-balanced portfolio enables the company to face the complex realities of today and the future head-on. The company has united its businesses with geographies and end-markets for significant growth. Dow is commercializing game-changing technologies today that are delivering real value to the bottom line. In 2011 nearly leash of its sales were from products launched in the last five years reinforcing their strategic goals.DuPont is an industry leader in safety. DuPont quickly realized that in order for the organizations safety mindset to be successful, safety had to be embraced from the top down. The safety culture of the company has proven successful in many areas. In 2000, over 90% of DuPonts sites world-wide, operated with zero injuries, an unheard of accomplishment. In addition, DuPont has leveraged its acclaimed safety program and ha d provided safety training to other companies including General Motors, GE and Alcoa, Inc. (Vinas, 2002)ConclusionDow is the third largest chemical company in the world. The healthy business environment fosters sustainability for decades to come. Dow offers financial and technological strengths with a promising future in the world-wide market.ReferencesNickels, W. G., McHugh, J. M., & McHugh, S. M. (2010). Understanding Business (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Dow Chemical Company. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.dow.com BASF Chemical Company. (n.d.) Retrieved from http//www.basf.com DuPont. (n.d.) Retrieved from http//www.dupont.comVinas, T. (2002, Summer). Best Practices DuPont safety starts at the top. Industry Week, (), Retrieved from http//hhtpwww.industryweek.com/articles/best_practices__dupont_safety_starts_at_the_top

Advertising Has Been Used to Promote Goods and Services from 1945 to Today and Controls Consumers’ Behavior and Habits

Research Paper The pervasiveness of contemporary publicise means that almost everywhere we turn, we argon bombarded with appeals to buy-mostly under the guise of persuading us that buying entrust some flairs improve our lives. (Courtland L. Bovee and Williams F. Arens, Page 685). Fundamentally a good lift should attract attention and interest and should provide some control over the manner in which it is read. advertize has been apply to promote goods and serve ups from 1945 to today and controls consumers behavior and habits. Considering the thesis, we could choose to agree with the fact that publicizing manipulates consumers.This kind of marketing is essential for firms that want to provide their superiority in a specific category of markets. throng potful see every day many adverts that encourage them to buy more than(prenominal) and more goods or services. It makes consumers too materialistic and manipulates them psychologically to buy involvements they dont need. Advertising promotes the consumption society. Obviously, many would agree that advertisers use tricky means in order to attract consumers attention. Moreover, not all gets of society atomic number 18 targeted. It pot create problems considering children, ethnicities, religions and other criteria that affect population.There is already enough research that proves how insidious advertising support be. In fact, manipulating multitude psychologically causes harm. In the long run, it can develop a habit like it is in the United States. People using adverts dont c atomic number 18 well-nigh consequences and be dumbfound inappropriately. Some incitements, misleading, and minds control lead to what is called subliminal stimuli. By the way, advertising is maintaining competition between firms and as a consequence, it encourages innovation. Socially, advertising is considered as harmful but scotchally, it represents 1 of the main factors of innovation and technological progress.This paper will show why and how the use of advertising has tremendously increased from 1945 to today. Then, we will show that advertisers use many efficient means of coercive peoples behavior and habits. Finally, we will argue that the do of advertising can be harmful for populations and economies among a society. Considering that it seems dangerous and manipulative, we can point out that it is a huge source of information. It allows consumers to stay informed about newfangled alternatives in their daily life story. Moreover, some people think that this is better to buy products that were advertised than products unadvertised.After World War II, many countries that have been concerned by the conflict had to re-build what was destroyed. The most affected by such a war was the moral of populations. Advertising already existed but it began a means of showing that life can continue without trouble. We might have seen this tendency in the United States first. In fact, many advertising campaigns had the aim to show solid families even if they have lost a brother, a father or a friend in Europe or in Asia. Companies have understood that such a disaster can be employ to promote goods or services they propose to citizens.Then, the globalization of television in the 1940s helped the development of the use of advertising. such a means of communication is essential. Adverts might already have been seen in newspapers, billboards or on broadsides but never on a screen. Traditionally, companies already apply paper- base supports to show a short preview about new products or innovations and a slogan. Following that tendency, this is the beginning of the consumption society. Advertising encourages people to buy more and more goods. On the long run, it creates a way of thinking that develops an addiction.Commercials for Coca Cola are one of the best slips that affect the overall society. Drinking nose candy improves citizens daily life because it gets satisfaction. It ha s a taste thats uniquely satisfying a quality thats unmistakable (Fowles, Jib. Page 725). Another ensample is the power of women in society. They are targets of advertisers who promote goods that ensure an easier family life. In terms of products represented, ads that illustrate this goal concern mainly cigarettes, alcohol (beer and liquor), automobiles, food and drink, household cleaners, lotions and perfumes. (Fowles, Jib. Page 691).The example of Camels cigarettes illustrates the situation (Fowles, Jib. Page 693). In 1947, advertisers pointed out the fact that doctors smoked more Camels cigarettes than other brands. Population will think this is not so harmful for their wellness and will buy more Camel cigarettes. The United States of America were a rich country before World War II. At the end of the conflict, it was clear that it was the richest country. This economic situation has encouraged the development of advertising. Each time in that location is a progress in a sec tor of the industry, advertisers improve their means of attracting people.At the beginning, it was solo on paper-based supports with drawings. In 1951, it was the birth of television in color. The broadcast of public schedules has considerably increased the audience and as a consequence, the impact of advertising. In addition, the economic period was favorable and many people might buy goods and services such as cars or household cleaners. On one hand, the video support allows consumers to be better informed but on the other hand, it encourages them to buy things they dont need. According to a survey of the Census Bureau in the regular army in the 1990s, 98% of the American households owned one TV set. Census Bureau) In the 1980s, the appearance of the Internet highlights a new period of advertising. Populations using this new technology of information are constantly confronted to adverts. In 1994, Hot-wired site launches with the first banner adds from AT&T, Sprint, MCI, Volv o and others (Tungate, Mark). It was only a small part of the fit advertising market but it increased at the same time the use of this new tool increased. The number of advertising agencies has considerably increased. There are more and more companies that use adverts to show their catalogue on paper, on buildings, on television and on the Internet.It is clear that, today, advertising is an essential part of the calculate of businesses. Considering such a use of that tool, many people consider that advertisers make commercial-grades in order to control consumers behavior and habits. Advertising is the art of arresting the piece intelligence plainly long enough to get money from it (Blore, Chuck in Shah, Anup). The second subject that this paper will illustrate is to show that haughty consumers by the means of advertising is a todays debate. In fact, advertisers are able to use tricky methods in order to attract peoples attention. However, as the year progressed, the sophistica tion of advertising methods and technics has advanced, enticing and shaping and even creating consumerism and needs where there has been none before, or turning luxuries into necessities (Shah, Anup). Households are controlled against their will. When they are confronted to advertising, they are persuaded that they have to buy the product of one company. Everyone faces persuasion. We can see it in every street, in the cinema, on television, on Internet Advertisers give arguments based on populations daily life and use them to prove the benefits of a good or a service.If some people are always busy, there can be a good that helps them to be better organized. The advert will show that such a situation can be improved just by buying a particular product, produced by a particular company. This is the basis of persuasion. Following that, there are many methods that can be used to promote and interchange. Sometimes the simple facts of our case are overwhelmingly persuasive. Other times w e appeal to some need or motive of our listener because the facts solo arent persuasive enough (Bovee, Courtland L. , Arens, William F. Page 687).Although the persuasion is not enough efficient, it is clear that the emotional appeals are the best way to force consumers to buy. Such a means of attracting people depends on the targets. Luxury brands will use arguments that attract consumers earning a lot of money. They display elements of a rich individuals life and the fact that the product or the service was made for him. On the contrary, if the advert concerns the middle-class, it will be adapted to the condition of those people. In fact, this is also the case of consumers that do not need to put forward-moving their income. There are advertising sponsors at both ends of that spectrum. Food companies offer natural products as well as convenience packaged goods. Shoe companies offer simple sandals as well as formal footwear (Bovee, Courtland L. , Arens, William F. Page 687). This i s why heroes are put forward in adverts. An individual who practices a sport and sees that his idol uses a specific product will encourage him to buy it. In the case of prevention, emotional appeals are the most adapted. Government uses this means to make people aware of what is dangerous.In order to reduce road traffic accidents, a commercial that shocks the audience appeals to fear. Consequences of such an advert will be more attention from drivers and fewer accidents on the road. We cant explain how advertisers manipulate individuals without talking about subliminal stimuli. This means of controlling consumers behavior and habits is the most concealed because not everyone can perceive it. As a matter of fact, it is possible that not only individuals but also groups of individuals are controlled without their awareness. It changes their habits because they do things they usually would ot do. We can determine that there are two ways to attempt an auditory. First, it touches the unc onscious part of our brain. When people are reading a slogan or a sentence linked to an idea, several words are dissimulated and manipulate people by the language. It is clear that subliminal stimuli concerns the five censes. Consumers can hear, smell, touch things and be attracted. All of these criteria are strategically placed in order to have the maximum impact of perceptions. We take the example of a family that is obtain in a mall, they can see and hear promotions on products they didnt intent to buy.Advertisers point out the fact that this is useful and essential. As the author William lecture pointed out Public concern about subliminal manipulation can be seen in 1957 when a marketing researcher looked into statistical data. James Vicary claimed to kick downstairs dramatic increases in the sales of Coca-Cola and popcorn when he flashed the phrases Drink Coca-Cola and Eat popcorn for 1/2000 of a second during a movie. The statistics showed an increase in popcorn sales by 58 %, with an increase in Coca Cola sales by 18%. -Cola sales by 18% (Cane, William.Umich. edu). Subliminal stimuli is used each time companies or politics want to control individuals against their will. Alternatively, advertisers can use sexual stimulants that influence individuals to buy. It is not difficult to determine what consumers need. Their fears are one of those determinants as well as their lack of self-confidence. Heroes can be put forward to prove that such a product can improve our commonplace life. Movie stars are an example. People who have problems with their hair tend to buy lotions that a star uses.We know that adverts are created in such a way as to control consumers behavior and habits. Advertisers employed by companies manipulate people psychologically and force to buy things they dont usually need. The last part of this paper will deals with consequences of control and manipulation not only on individuals but also on economies. Finally, there are many consequenc es not only on individuals but also on economies. Manipulation and control through advertising can lead to critical effects on targeted consumers. In fact, there are different categories of eople in a society objet dart the reaction is not the same in front of adverts. This is what we will demonstrate. First, one of the consequences of advertising campaigns is that it makes us too materialistic (Bovee, Courtland L. and Arens, William F. Page 686). It changes the value of every system and encourages the development of the consumption society. The acquisition of a product or using a service can change our daily life. With this idea, individuals are forced to think that buying more and more goods will make them more important. USA is the best example of such a situation. For example, they point out the fact that millions of Americans own 20 or more pairs of shoes, several TV sets, and often more than one fomite (Bovee, Courtland L. and Arens, William F. Page 686). Advertisers are look ing for happiness linked with materialism. Companies dont care about culture or improvements of the overall behavior of populations. The only thing that interests them is to sell. Finally, this materialism creates a cultural gap. It encourages the division of societies and creates conflicts. Then, there are questions about interferences with ethnicities.It is often the case in the USA and in every country where advertising is present. Advertisers use criteria such as the gender, the skin color, the social condition, or historical facts. In a country where there is a melting pot, it is considered as discrimination. We can say that commercials perpetuate stereotypes. As an example, when an advert targets women, it has been adapted realistically because they take an important place in purchasing decisions. Even if there are improvements, there are still bias and sexism in advertising (Bovee, Courtland L. and Arens, William F. Page 689).Manipulation of children and teenagers through adv ertising can be critical. The possible harmful effects on both of these age ranges are significant. First, it is important to point out the fact that they are the most vulnerable and suggestible. When they are watching television, even if this is a program adapted to their age, commercials that are not adapted are broadcast and can influence them negatively. In the article Advertising Information or Manipulation pen by DeRego Makenzie, she is telling her experience with the effects of several adverts on childrens minds As an example, I was babysitting.My friend and I were watching her favorite show on Disney Channel Hannah Montana. A commercial came on, and I stared at the screen in shock in between two segments of a childrens show, there was a commercial advertising Enzyte I knew this could not be appropriate, and when she asked me what it was, I was dumbfounded. How was I supposed to answer that? Furthermore, children by the age of seven are exposed to commercials like these at l east twenty thousand times. Such a testimony confirms that advertisers dont care about consequences of commercials if vulnerable minds are watching them.Regarding teenagers, this is more a problem with cigarettes and alcohol. They are more and more smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol. Advertising is a factor of this tendency. It is clear that alcohol ads on television have been compute in the last few years. This is what is shown by the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth. One of their studies confirms that the top fifteen programs in 2003 had alcohol in their ads. collect to advertisings influence on populations, there are economic consequences not only on individuals but also on companies.Consumers buy goods while the price is not always affordable. The fact that advertising encourages them to spend more and more money leads to economic problems. First, it forces them to borrow money from banks. On the short run, they can pay what they want but on the long run, many peopl e cant refund. Such a situation breaks the stability of families and of the overall economy. In the case of companies, they spend billions of dollars in adverts. It creates a competition between firms that many of them cant assume. A company with a huge turnover will spend more on advertising than a modest business.Consequences will be that these modest businesses will shutdown because of the lack of customers willing to visit malls or any other huge business. We currently live in a profit-driven society. Individuals are constantly bombarded of adverts from companies, from the government or from any other institution that wishes to sell goods and services. To attract people, advertisers use tricky means and control consumers behavior and habits. What is often not shown is the impact of those methods. The aim is to encourage us to buy more and more against our awareness.Additionally, it maintains the idea of the consumption society and may cause economic problems for the large-scale. Following surveys, it affects vulnerable individuals such as children and is harmful. A social gap is being created overdue to the use of ethnicities, religions and other very sensitive issues. This paper has shown that the use of advertising has tremendously increased from the end of World War II to today and that it is distinctly harmful for societies. It has created a new way of thinking which is maintained because of the methods that are more and more improved.At least, the addiction consecutive to the modification of populations behavior is increasing.WORK CITED PAGE Bovee, Courtland L. , and Arens, William F. The Indictments Against Advertising, Advertising Makes Us Too Materialistic. Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum, tenth edition by Laurence Behrens University of California, 2008. Pearson Longman pp. 685-691. Cohen, Dorothy. Elements of Effective Layout. Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum, 10th edition by Laurence Behrens University of California, 2008. Pe arson Longman pp. 681-684. Cane, William. The Roots of Subliminal Perception. (www. umich. du) Census Bureau (www. census. gov) DeRego, Makenzie. Floyd Dryded Voices Advertising Information or Manipulation. Web. Wednesday, January 28th, 2008 (www. capitalcityweekly. com) Fowles, Jib. Chapter 13, New and Improved Six Decades of Advertising, A Portfolio of Advertisements 1945-2003. Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum, 10th edition by Laurence Behrens University of California, 2008. Pearson Longman pp. 691-737. Shah, Anup. Media and Advertising. Web. March 4th 2012. (www. globalissues. org) Tungate, Mark. Adland A Global History Of Advertising. Philadelphia Kogan Pages. 3 July 2007. Print.

Cognitive Ability

Journal of Applied Psychology 2010, Vol. 95, No. 5, 889 901 2010 American Psychological Association 0021-9010/10/$12. 00 DOI 10. 1037/a0019985 Get Smarty Pants Cognitive Ability, Personality, and Victimization Eugene Kim and Theresa M. Glomb University of Minnesota Drawing on the dupe ruination lay, this force field succeeds an empirical investigation of the human kinship amidst cognitive superpower and victimisation at give. We appoint that people spacious(prenominal) in cognitive major power ar more than disposed to apply.In this study, we likewise go steady the direct and discuss effectuate of victims disposition traits, ad hocally the 2 socially oriented constitution dimensions of spot and parley. Results prevail the direct positive blood of cognitive talent and using. The positive relationship amidst wide(prenominal) cognitive king and exploitation is moderated by the victims genius traits procedure temper traits strengthen the relation ship of cognitive cleverness and victimization, whereas sh ar-out constitution traits weaken this relationship.Keywords cognitive energy, victimization, disposition, mode, sh ar-out Recently, a Seattle Times article described the victimization of Suzuki Ichiro, a proud- competency baseball faker who achieved 200 hits for 8 consecutive years and was the 2007 All Star crippled Most Valuable Player ( read Baker, 2008). The article inform that his teammates from the Seattle Mariners stated they really scorn him and wanted to demote him out because this high- baron player cargons more close to one-on-one records than team records.A favourite call forth article (Bruzzese, 2002) reported that victims of oeuvre push around atomic number 18 often employees who are smart and happy, and organizations that fail to maintain victimization against these talented employees will experience their turnover, decreases in productivity, and additions in wellness care costs (see a s well as Murphy, 2006). confusablely, a reexamine of workplace victimization apprises that bright people are often scrapes of interpersonal enmity because of their high train of power (Namie & Namie, 2000).In the develop context, explore by Peterson and rotating shaft (2006a, 2006b) on gifted children hints that many high- cleverness students experience bullying in school because of their intellectual cap expertness. Although each of the above examples provides a mere glimpse into the phenomena of victimization, together they imply that ability whitethorn be a vital precipitating factor in victimization. However, there is extra research attention to the possibility that ability, specialisedally cognitive ability, may be associated with be a target of victimizationthe possibility of smart victims. Given that Brand (1987) posited cognitive ability is to psychol- This article was published Online first-year August 16, 2010. Eugene Kim and Theresa M. Glomb, Department of Human Resources and Industrial Relations, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota. An earlier version of this article was presented at the 2009 confederacy for Industrial and organizational Psychology Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana.We are grateful to Michelle Duffy, Paul Sackett, and the participants of the Center for Human Resources and wear down Studies Workshop for comments on earlier versions of this article. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Eugene Kim, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, 321 19th route South, Room 3-300, Minneapolis, MN 55455. E-mail emailprotected umn. edu 889 ogy as carbon is to chemistry (p. 257), it is surprising that cognitive ability has non received attention in the workplace victimization literature.This study draw a bead ons an Copernican first step in establishing the relationship surrounded by cognitive ability and victimization in an organizational context it gives the scholarly fel brokenship base of workplace victimization and suggests that smart victims may be heavy to consider in go abouts to prevent workplace victimization. In doing so, it makes contributions to the literature on cognitive ability, victimization, and an emerging theme in management research suggesting that victims may precipitate aggressiveness from some others in the workplace (for review, see Aquino & Thau, 2009).We outline these contributions below. First, this study suggests an exception to the loosely legitimate estimate that cognitive ability is associated with various positive outcomes. Previous research confirming that cognitive ability predicts many job and real- tone outcomes is plentiful (see Brand, 1987 Jensen, 1998 Kuncel, Hezlett, & Ones, 2004 Schmidt & Hunter, 1998) however, usually these outcomes are comfortable. In comparison, we pro cleave victimization, a ostracize outcome, will be high for those high in cognitive ability.Understanding the relat ionship surrounded by cognitive ability and workplace victimization is particularly relevant because cognitive ability is used in selection decisions (Heneman & try, 2005) and is potently link to skill and knowledge acquisition, projection performance, and creativity at work (Kuncel et al. , 2004). Thus, understanding workplace victimization for those high in cognitive ability can reduce the risk of ostracize outcomes for these highly suitable employees, including decreased motivation, job satisfaction, and trade union movement performance (Glomb, 2002, in press) as healthful as lower team and organizational performance (Aquino & Thau, 2009).Second, this study extends the scope of the victim precipitation model, the imagination that victims either intentionally or unexpectedly provoke authorisation perpetrators. The limited application of the victim precipitation model emphasizes compliant and challenging victim characteristics (Aquino, 2000 Olweus, 1993) but has not pos ed the possibility of smart victims (for exceptions, see Namie & Namie, 2000 Peterson & Ray, 2006a, 2006b). By positing and testing the idea that smart victims may also adhere to the victim 890 KIM AND GLOMB recipitation model, we extend this theoretical framework beyond the typical submissive and charged victim typologies. Third, we extend foregoing research by considering cardinal basic personality dimensions business office and dialogue (Digman, 1997 Wiggins, 1991)and their interplay with cognitive ability and victimization. According to Bakan (1966), mission is defined as individualization in a grouping, and it involves independence, ascendancy, and personal growth chewing is defined as consolidation of the individual in a group, and it involves cooperation, attachment, and caring (see alsoWiggins, 1991). The original aim of chest of drawers and conversation personality traits was to understand and distinguish interpersonal ways betwixt individuals (Wiggins, 1991), thereby m resemblingg means and converse especially relevant to workplace victimization in which the interpersonal relationship of perpetrators and victims is critical for understanding victimization motives (see Schafer, 1977).Drawing primarily on the theory of reciprocality (Gouldner, 1960), we propose that chewing is shunly related to victimization and also buffers the relationship of cognitive ability and victimization, whereas position is positively related to victimization and also strengthens the relationship among cognitive ability and victimization. In summary, in this study we hit theoretical and empirical research on workplace victimization by examining the intent of cognitive ability in precipitating victimization at work and how personality traits linked to more favorable interpersonal interactions (i. e. agency and communion) may harbor direct and moderating effects on victimization. Workplace Victimization The prevalence of harmful behaviors among employee s has been reflected in a growing body of academic research (e. g. , Aquino & Thau, 2009 Barling, Dupre, & Kelloway, 2009 Bowl? ing & Beehr, 2006 Douglas et al. , 2008 Glomb, Steel, & Arvey, 2002 Hershcovis et al. , 2007 Neuman & Baron, 2005 Sackett & DeVore, 2001). Researchers have examined interpersonal workplace aggressionany form of interpersonal behavior to harm, injure, or discomfort the target at work (Baron & Richardson, 1994 Glomb, 2002)at the individual level (e. . , Baron & Neuman, 1996) and have also extended theoretical and empirical frameworks to consider group-level (e. g. , Glomb & Liao, 2003) and dyadic (e. g. , Andersson & Pearson, 1999) relationships. Drawing on theories of victimization (e. g. , Curtis, 1974 Schafer, 1968 Sparks, Genn, & Dodd, 1977), researchers have also examined workplace victimizationthe self-perception of cosmos a target of interpersonal aggression at work (Aquino, Grover, Bradfield, & Allen, 1999 Aquino & Thau, 2009)at the individual level (e. g. , Aquino et al. 1999 Glomb, 2002), group level (e. g. , Aquino & Byron, 2002), and dyadic level (e. g. , Aquino & Lamertz, 2004). Drawing on criminology theory in which victim precipitation (Curtis, 1974) and victim elements (Schafer, 1968) are studied, researchers have suggested typical characteristics of victims. For example, Olweuss (1978, 1993) work in school settings resulted in the proposition of two typewrites of victims. One type of victim is labeled submissive victim and is more anxious, cautious, quiet, and sensitive than other students.In pipeline to submissive victims, some students who install highly aggressive behaviors can also become the targets of aggression Olweus (1993) referred to them as provocative victims. Although Olweuss research was in a school setting, similar themes of victim types have been suggested in organizational contexts. For example, Aquino and colleagues (Aquino & Bradfield, 2000 Aquino & Byron, 2002 Aquino et al. , 1999) posited that self-determination, belligerence, dominating interpersonal behavior, and negative affectivity are typical characteristics of victims.Individuals low in self-determination are more apt(predicate) to be targets of aggression (e. g. , Aquino et al. , 1999) and may be likened to submissive victims. Individuals high in aggressiveness (e. g. , Aquino & Bradfield, 2000) and dominating interpersonal behavior (e. g. , Aquino & Byron, 2002) may be likened to provocative victims. Individuals high in negative affectivity may be likened to either submissive or provocative victims because negative affectivity is related to either insecurity and fear or hostility and aggression (e. . , Aquino & Bradfield, 2000 Aquino et al. , 1999). In other words, previous research suggests that certain types of individuals, either submissive or aggressive people, may be more frequent targets of aggression in both school and organizational contexts. Although existing research has enhanced the understanding of victimization, there is limited attention to the role of an important individual variance cognitive ability (for possible exceptions, see Namie & Namie, 2000 Peterson & Ray, 2006a, 2006b).Peterson and Ray (2006b) showed that many smart students experient bullying in school contexts and that intellectual capability is one of the most frequently reported reasons for organism bullied. In their study, 36% of smart students were called derogatory names (e. g. , dork, geek, nerd, smarty, idiot, moron, retard, dumb), and 19% of them were teased about their grades and intelligence. According to Peterson and Rays (2006a) qualitative study, some high-ability students reported that the envy of lowability students contributes to targeting smart students.Interviewees stated that gifted kids have the focal ratio hand in classrooms and good kids usually get what they want (p. 257). In addition, some students responded that competition among gifted students contributes to targeting one anothe r. One interviewee reported beingness the target of bullying from other gifted kids who didnt like that I was smarter than they were (p. 258). One exception to the need of research on ability and victimization in organizational contexts is a survey of working adults by Namie and Namie (2000).Although this study was not center on the relationship amid cognitive ability and victimization, their survey selective information provide insight into this issue. In their survey, more than 20% of survey participants (i. e. , targets and witnesses) responded that bright people were targets of interpersonal aggression, describe that perpetrators envied the targets high level of competence and abilities (21%) and that perpetrators do by them as competitors or challengers who threatened their superiority (31%).Literature on school bullying among gifted children, employee reports of smart victims, and the submissive/provocative victim typology suggest that understanding the relationship betw een cognitive ability and victimization in an organizational context is valuable. Linking Cognitive Ability and Victimization The victim precipitation model (e. g. , Amir, 1967 Curtis, 1974 Gottfredson, 1981 Schafer, 1968, 1977 Sparks et al. , 1977) undergirds the proposed relationship between cognitive ability and victimization. The pump argument of the model is that victimsCOGNITIVE ABILITY AND using 891 exhibit behavioral tendencies (either intentional or unintentional) that provoke voltage perpetrators to respond to them with harmful behaviors (see Aquino et al. , 1999 Schafer, 1977). In other words, at a minimum, victims unknowingly are at risk of victimization for their individual characteristics at a maximum, individual characteristics lead to behaviors that elicit victimization from potential perpetrators. Cognitive ability may function as a victim precipitator for several(prenominal) reasons.First, the desirable characteristics of high-cognitive employees may unintention ally instigate other employees to fight to them with harmful behaviors. As noted above, cognitive ability plays a central role in the prediction of myriad important workplace outcomes, including task performance, training performance, counterproductive work behavior, creativity, and career success (e. g. , Dilchert, Ones, Davis, & Rostow, 2007 Jensen, 1998 Judge, Higgins, Thoreson, & Barrick, 1999 Kuncel et al. , 2004 Ng, Eby, Sorensen, & Feldman, 2005 OReilly & Chatman, 1994 Schmidt & Hunter, 1998).For example, the effectuality of cognitive ability in predicting task performance, training performance, and creativity is . 51, . 57 (Schmidt & Hunter, 1998), and . 36 (Kuncel et al. , 2004), severally. However, these favorable outcomes may also create conditions for victimization. such(prenominal) positive outcomes of highcognitive-ability employees make them more credibly to be targets of an upward or a lateral brotherly comparison process within a work group because individuals choose a standard setter who has high ability as a comparative target (Feldman & Ruble, 1981 Festinger, 1954).As a consequence, these comparisons may elicit negative cognitive and affective states, such as lowered self-evaluation and emotions of envy, shame, hostility, and interpersonal competition (e. g. , Garcia, Tor, Gonzalez, 2006 Smith, 2000 Tesser, Millar, & Moore, 1988), which in turn increase the likelihood of becoming the target of victimization.In other words, the positive characteristics of high-cognitive-ability employees unintentionally place them at risk of being a target because others want to restore their lowered self-evaluation and negative emotions following(a) comparison (see Fein & Spencer, 1997 Smith, 1991). Schafer (1977) categorized this type of victim as someone who has done nothing against the perpetrators but whose unintentional behaviors or outcomes instigate the perpetrators to render aggressive behaviors toward the victim.Second, the favorable charac teristics of high-cognitive-ability employees may instigate other employees within a work group to react to them with harming behaviors in a more intentional way. An experimental study by Menon and Thompson (2007) effect that individuals in higher (relative) social comparison positions are more probably to overestimate that they are a threat to others. This perceptual bias leads them to experience uncomfortable interpersonal relationships as asymmetries in threat appraisal strain social interactions during a conflict situation (p. 6). In their study, people who strikeed themselves as grievous elicited less favorable reactions from a counterpart and lower satisfaction with the interaction, even though these perceptions about threat were not communicated explicitly during the interaction. In an organizational context, because of the positive work outcomes of highcognitive-ability employees, they are more likely to have favorable views of themselves, to perceive that others are thr eatened by them, and to distrust others motives (i. e. , self-enhancing bias Menon & Thompson, 2007).In other words, high-cognitive employees may overestimate the comparison threat they pose to other group members, which may result in a change in behaviorsfor example, avoidance or condescensiontoward other group members. This change in behavior then elicits harming behaviors from others (see Duffy, Shaw, & Schaubroeck, 2008). In summary, drawing on the victim precipitation model, we argue that high-cognitive-ability employees may instigate other individuals to respond to them with interpersonally aggressive behaviors.First, high-cognitive-ability employees may unintentionally provoke potential perpetrators because of their position as upward or lateral social comparison targets, thereby fostering negative affective and cognitive states in others who turn to harming behaviors. Second, high-cognitive-ability employees may provoke potential perpetrators because of their overestimates o f how threatening they are, which results in changed behaviors against coworkers that promote more negative interactions.Accordingly, we hypothesized the following hypothesis 1 High cognitive ability is positively related to victimization. We note that the occurrent study is unable to address the specific mechanism for the crosstie between cognitive ability and victimization. Rather, we propose likely theoretical mechanisms and conduct empirical tests that would lend accommodate for this tie-in without testing the exact meditational processes. The Role of Personality Traits fashion and dialogueAccording to Bakan (1966), there are two original modalities in the existence of living forms, agency for the existence of an organism as an individual and communion for the club of the individual in some larger organism of which the individual is part emphasis added (p. 14). Wiggins (1991) merged Bakans idea into the personality literature, defining agency and communion as the condi tion of being a differentiated individual and the condition of being part of a larger social or spiritual entity emphasis added (p. 9), and proposed that the agency communion model is relevant to understand and distinguish interpersonal behaviors between individuals. Personality researchers have used agency and communion as umbrella monetary value that broadly cover self-oriented terms (including independence, self-centered bias, ambition, self-competence, personal growth, and instrumentality) versus group-oriented terms (including cooperation, attachment, consideration, warmth, nurturance, and socialization), although these constructs are not exactly the same (e. g. yellow poplar & Wojciszke, 2007 Digman, 1997 Wiggins, 1991). Previous research suggested that two broad dimensionsakin to agency and communionare independent higher order dimensions of personality in the interpersonal circumplex (e. g. , Blackburn, Renwick, Donnelly, & Logan, 2004 Digman, 1997 Wiggins, 1991). With re gard to the five-factor model of personality, Trapnell and Wiggins (1990) found that agency corresponds primarily to the authorization aspect of extroversion and that communion corresponds primarily to agreeableness (see also Peabody & Goldberg, 1989 Wiggins, 1991).Digman (1997) has also derived two independent higher order factors that correspond to an agency and communion taxonomy agency corresponds to extraversion and openness (i. e. , personal growth), and communion corresponds to agreeableness, con- 892 KIM AND GLOMB scientiousness, and emotional perceptual constancy (i. e. , socialization see also John, 1990 McCrae & Costa, 1996). Recently, Abele and Wojciszke (2007) confirmed previous studies by showing that a pool of 300 trait incidents (e. g. , communion, collectivism, morality, and femininity items for communion agency, individualism, competence, and young-begetting(prenominal)ness items for agency) is educed to the two broad dimensions of agency and communion. This idea is well summarized by Abele and Wojciszke, who stated the following There is a long tradition in social and personality psychology to distinguish first harmonic dimensions for the description of persons and groups social and intellectual desirability, individualism and collectivism, independent and interdependent self, competence and morality, competence and warmth, dominance and nurturance, masculinity and femininity, and so on.Following Bakan (1966), we call these fundamental dimensions agency and communion. (p. 759) a similar vein, Aquino and Bommer (2003) showed that high levels of organizational citizenship behavior decreases victimization presumably, this relationship may be due to a positive reciprocity average. Overall, targets who have high agency personality traits do not engage in the positive reciprocity cycle and are more likely to be engaged in the negative reciprocity distribute, which increases the likelihood of victimization.Targets who have high communion p ersonality traits are more likely to be engaged in the positive reciprocity circle with coworkers, which decreases the likelihood of victimization. Therefore, we hypothesized the following Hypothesis 2 High agency is positively related to victimization. Hypothesis 3 High communion is negatively related to victimization. Integrating the victim precipitation model with theories of reciprocity, we propose the moderating roles of agency and communion personality traits on the relationship between cognitive ability and victimization.Although high levels of cognitive ability and competence may make someone predisposed to victimization, this may depend on their interpersonal interactions with others as influenced by their agency and communion personality traits. Because agency-driven behaviors do not build a average of positive reciprocity or possibly get going a norm of negative reciprocity, it strengthens the positive relationship between targets cognitive ability and victimization. Fo r example, employees who are high in cognitive ability and agency traits may use their talent to increase individual performance, which may negatively conflict other group members.Conversely, because communion-driven behaviors initiate a norm of positive reciprocity between the giver and the taker, it circumvents or buffers the positive relationship between targets cognitive ability and victimization. For example, employees who are high in both cognitive ability and communion traits may use their talent to increase group performance (e. g. , help coworkers with workloads or problems). Such behaviors contribute to build the positive reciprocity cycle with coworkers and thereby weaken the likelihood of victimization because of high cognitive ability.Put simply, being smart and focused on oneself will lead to more victimization, but being smart and focused on group members will lead to less victimization. Although there is no direct empirical rise suggesting an synergistic effect of cognitive ability and agency and communion traits on victimization, recent studies hint at the plausibility of such an effect. For example, Fiske, Cuddy, and Glick (2006) suggested that people differentiate one another by competence as well as likeability, which in turn affects their cognitive and affective content of interpersonal perception (see also Collins, 1981).Similarly, Casciaro and Lobo (2005) suggested the grandeur of competence and likeability in a work setting when individuals were high in both competence and likeability, coworkers treated them as lovable stars, but when individuals were high in competence and low in likeability, coworkers treated them as competent jerks. conformable with the previous conceptual arguments, Casciaro and Lobo (2008) showed that individuals who are competent and likeable form more task interaction networks, whereas individuals who are competent and dislikeable fail to form taskPut simply, agency and communion personality traits are inde pendent multidimensional constructs (Saragovi, Koestner, Dio, & Aube, 1997) that reflect self-oriented and group-oriented behaviors. Given that behaviors are rooted in personality traits (see Fleeson, 2001 Hogan & Holland, 2003 Moskowitz & Cote, 1995) and that agency and communion personality traits serve to describe interpersonal behaviors (Wiggins, 1991), we propose that individuals who have more agency traits, such as independence, egoistic bias, ambition, and self-competence, are involved in agency-driven behaviors, such as seeking goals and being less concerned about others.Conversely, individuals who have more communion traits, such as communality, socialization, consideration, and warmth, are involved in communion-driven behaviors, such as helping and nurturing coworkers and developing harmonious interpersonal relationships with coworkers. The direct relationship between agency and communion personality traits and victimization is supported by theories of reciprocity. bureau -driven behaviors do not build a norm of positive reciprocity, at best (Axelrod, 1984), and initiate a norm of negative reciprocity, at worst (Andersson & Pearson, 1999).In the absence of a norm of positive reciprocity, employees do not feel obligated to respond to (positive) actions with other positive actions. Individuals high in agency engage in agency-driven behaviors, which may be at the expense of and harmful to others. A norm of negative reciprocity will perpetuate these harmful behaviors. Thus, aggressive behaviors against individuals who are high in agency may, in fact, increase. This implies higher victimization for people who have agency traits that either block the positive reciprocity norm or elicit the negative reciprocity norm through agency-driven behaviors.Conversely, communion-driven behaviors initiate a norm of positive reciprocity between the giver and the taker (Gouldner, 1960). In other words, the taker generally responds to the communion-driven behavior with a nother communion-driven behavior toward the giver. After building a norm of positive reciprocity, both givers and takers are reluctant to violate this relationship through harming one another because it breaks the social norm and promotes a reputation for being untrustworthy, unkind, and unthankful (Cialdini, 2001 Gouldner, 1960).Thus, individuals who are high in communion traits engage in communion-driven behaviors and perpetuate a norm of positive reciprocity in which they are less likely to be the targets of interpersonal aggression. In COGNITIVE ABILITY AND VICTIMIZATION 893 interaction networks. Although failure to form task networks with competent jerks is distinct from victimizing them, this work does suggest withholding something favorable from thema behavior that is legitimate with some passive, indirect forms of victimization examined here (e. . , withholding information or resources). In line with this research, we predict that two interpersonally oriented personality di mensions that affect likeability play a critical role in the relationship between cognitive ability and victimization smart individuals who are high in agency traits may experience more victimization, whereas smart individuals who are high in communion traits may experience less victimization.Therefore, we hypothesized the following Hypothesis 4 The relationship between cognitive ability and victimization is moderated by agency, such that when targets are high in cognitive ability, targets high in agency will experience more victimization than those lower on agency. Hypothesis 5 The relationship between cognitive ability and victimization is moderated by communion, such that when targets are high in cognitive ability, targets high in communion will experience less victimization than those lower on communion.Method Participants and Procedure dickens hundred and seventeen employees of an organization that manages health care homes for individuals with disabilities voluntarily complet ed paper-and-pencil surveys during on-site survey cheek with researchers. 1 Participants were guaranteed confidentiality. Employees within a health care home worked closely with one another to provide excellent care and service for the residents, and they constitute our work groups.Of the respondents, 95% were Caucasian, 74% were women, and 35% were employed full time. Average tenure was 22 months, and average age was 24 years. The organization had administered the Wonderlic personnel department Test (Wonderlic, 1984) and the atomic number 20 Psychological Inventory ( consumer price ability Gough & Bradley, 1996) to job applicants prior to hire, and the Wonderlic and cost-of-living index gain of our respondents were linked to the survey data from the current study using identifiers. Fifty employees who did not have Wonderlic and cost-of-living index scores were excluded.After listwise deletion of individuals with incomplete information, the lowest sample was composed of 133 em ployees in 27 groups (i. e. , health care homes). Group size ranged from two to 10 members (average 4. 93). Comparisons between those respondents who were in our final sample and those who were deleted because of missing data revealed only one significant difference excluded employees had slightly lower negative affectivity scores ( p . 05). Measures Cognitive ability. Cognitive ability was assessed using the Wonderlic Personnel Test prior to hire.The Wonderlic Personnel Test is a 50-item, 1220-min omnibus test of intelligence, and it was originally intentional to measure general mental ability for personnel selection. The manual reports that testretest reliability ranges from . 82 to . 94 and that interform reliabilities range from . 73 to . 95 (Wonderlic, 1984). Victimization. Victimization was assessed using the 20-item Aggressive Experiences Scale (AES)-Target eggshell (Glomb, in press Glomb & Liao, 2003). Illustrative items are how often has a coworker or executive program m ade angry gestures toward you? how often has a coworker or supervisor spread rumors about you? and how often has a coworker or supervisor belittled your opinions in front of others? Respondents indicated the frequency of their victimization experience using a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (once a week or more). One item was removed because of zero difference (how often has a coworker or supervisor physically assaulted you? ). The coefficient alpha of the AESTarget scale was . 87. self-assurance and communion.At present, there are not commonly accepted assessments of agency and communion, perhaps because of their designation as higher order constructs. Agency and communion have been measured by the Masculinity and Femininity scales from several personality inventories, including the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1974) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974 for review, see Helgeson, 1994 Saragovi et al. , 1997). Agency and communion have also been measured using the five-factor model Wiggins (1991) suggested using the Extraversion (i. e. dominance facet only) and Agreeableness scales because these capture a substantial portion of variance in agency and communion, respectively (for empirical support, see also Peabody & Goldberg, 1989 Trapnell & Wiggins, 1990). Also, using the giving Five framework, Digman (1997) suggested using the Extraversion and Openness scales for agency (i. e. , personal growth) and the Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability scales for communion (i. e. , socialization). In this study, agency and communion were operationalized using both Wigginss (1991) specific measure approach and Digmans (1997) broad measure approach.Following Wigginss approach, we selected the CPI scale of ascendency ( . 83) for agency and the CPI scale of Communality ( . 71) for communion. The CPI-Dominance is highly correlated with extraversion (r . 82 Fleenor & Eastman, 1997), and dominance is a make facet of extraversion (DeYoung, Quilty, & Peterson, 2007). The construct definition also supported our select Individuals high in dominance are assertive, dominant, and task-oriented individuals low in dominance are quiet and cautious. The CPI-Communality is highly correlated with agreeableness (r . 0 Fleenor & Eastman, 1997), and agreeableness corresponds to communion (Wiggins, 1991). The construct definition of communality supports our decision Individuals who are high in communality are likely to be team players who fit in with other people easily, agreeable, cooperative, reasonable, approachable for advice, dependable, and contented individuals who are low in communality are likely to be nonconformers, changeable, moody, and reckless (Gough & Bradley, 1996 Groth-Marnat, 1990). Following Digmans (1997) broader approach to agency measurement, we selected the CPI scales of Social Presence ( . 2), 1 This data set was used to examine different research questions in Glomb and L iao (2003), Glomb and Tews (2004), and Glomb and Welsh (2005). 894 KIM AND GLOMB Capacity for Status ( . 72), and Independence ( . 74) in addition to Dominance. These extra triad scales have been identify as compound traits of extraversion and openness (Fleenor & Eastman, 1997), and extraversion and openness correspond to agency (Digman, 1997). CPI-Social Presence also corresponds to the dominance facet rather than the sociability facet of extraversion (Hough & Ones, 2001).The construct definition supported our choice Individuals high in social presence are self-assured in social settings, and individuals low in social presence are reserved individuals high in capacity for precondition are likely to be ambitious and to have high desire to succeed, and individuals low in capacity for view dislike competition individuals high in independence are likely to be self-sufficient, persistent in seeking goals whether others agree, aggressive, and assertive, and individuals low in indepen dence are likely to seek support from others, avoid conflict, be meek, and be mild (Gough & Bradley, 1996).We used similar conceptual and construct evidence for the Communion scale. In addition to CPI-Communality, we selected the CPI scales of Socialization ( . 78) and Responsibility ( . 77) because these two scales have been identified by Hough and Ones (2001) as compound traits of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional constancy (see also Fleenor & Eastman, 1997) furthermore, Digman (1997) has suggested that communion corresponds to agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability.The construct definition of these two components also supported our decision Individuals high in socialization are likely to be conscientious and easy to conform to others, whereas individuals low in socialization are likely to be rebellious and to have unconventional attitudes individuals high in indebtedness are responsible and ethically perceptive, whereas individuals low in respon sibility are likely to be indulgent and careless (Gough & Bradley, 1996).In summary, the Agency scale is composed of the CPI scales of Dominance, Social Presence, Capacity for Status, and Independence the Communion scale is composed of the CPI scales of Communality, Socialization, and Responsibility. 2 Given the typical conceptualization of agency and communion as broad traits, we consider the broad operationalization in our primary analyses and conduct additional analyses for the narrow, one variable conceptualization. The reliability scores of multidimensional Agency and Communion scales were . 87 and . 84, respectively (see Cronbach, 1951 W. M. Rogers, Schmitt, & Mullins, 2002).We conducted confirmatory factor analysis to assess whether the CPI scales load on the higher order common latent constructs of agency and communion using LISREL 8 (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1996). The results for the ? Agency and Communion scales reveal that a two-factor model 2 (12) 19. 43 incremental fit inde x (IFI) . 98 comparative fit index (CFI) . 98 standardized root mean square rest period (SRMR) . 06 root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) . 07fits the data quite well and fits significantly burst than a one-factor model 2(13) 49. 96 IFI . 91 CFI . 90 SRMR . 10 RMSEA . 5providing evidence that subscales load on the higher order measures of agency and communion. In addition, agency and communion correlate . 16 (ns) in our study, which is parallel with correlations reported in previous studies (e. g. , Abele & Wojciszke, 2007 r . 03, . 05 Bruch, 2002 r . 05, . 11 Conway, Pizzamiglio, & Mount, 1996 r . 27, . 32). We also assessed the criterion-related validity of the Agency and Communion scales by examining whether they are significantly related to variables shown to be related to agency and communion measures in the broader personality psychology literature.Specifically, we assessed life satisfaction and burnout in our study but did not examine these variables in our subst antive hypotheses. Correlations in our data are similar to those in prior literature using alternative operationalizations of communion and agency. Specifically, results show that our Communion scale is significantly related to well-being outcomes, such as life satisfaction (r . 24, p . 01, compared with r . 26 for women and . 28 for men in Saragovi et al. , 1997), and that our Agency scale is significantly related to psychological health outcomes, such as emotional exhaustion (r . 21, p . 01, compared with r . 5 in Roos & Cohen, 1987). Control variables. On the basis of previous workplace victimization research (e. g. , Aquino et al. , 1999 Aquino & Thau, 2009 Bowling & Beehr, 2006 Hentig, 1948 Schafer, 1968), we confineled for several variables to reduce the potential impact of unmeasured variables on victimization. Empirical evidence on the relationship between employee demographics and victimization shows mixed findings (Bowling & Beehr, 2006) we throw for an employees age, ge nder, and tenure in the organization. There is a compelling theoretical link between organizational hierarchy and victimization (see Aquino et al. 1999) we control for supervisory versus nonsupervisory status. Individual differences, such as positive and negative affectivity, show mixed relationships with victimization (see Bowling & Beehr, 2006) we use the positive(p) Affect Negative Affect Schedule (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) to control for positive affectivity ( . 86) and negative affectivity ( . 86). Stress may generate negative affective and behavioral responses that spark victimization (Bowling & Beehr, 2006) we use the Stress Diagnostic Survey (Matteson & Ivancevich, 1982) to control for job, work group, and organizational stress ( . 9 for job, . 89 for work group, and . 87 for organizational stress). Interpersonal aggression engagement has been proposed as an antecedent of victimization on the basis of social exchange theory (Andersson & Pearson, 1999 Bandura, 1973), and Glomb and her colleagues (e. g. , Glomb, 2002 Glomb & Liao, 2003) provided empirical support for the idea of reciprocal aggression. Interpersonal aggression engagement was assessed by the AES-Engaged In scale (Glomb, in press Glomb & Liao, 2003).The AES-Target (discussed above) and AES-Engaged In scales have the same item content except that one asks about behaviors that you were the target of and the others asks about behavior that you engaged in. We removed three items from the AES-Engaged In scale ( . 80) because of zero variance. Other CPI scales were excluded for one of two reasons (a) They did not include the core dimensions of ExtroversionDominance for agency or Agreeableness for communion, or (b) they included these dimensions but were contaminated by others as well.These mixed scales were the most likely reason for exclusion. Specific mappings of CPI scales to Big Five (i. e. , A agreeableness, C conscientiousness, ES emotional stability, EX extraversion, O openness) ch aracteristics are as follows Self-Acceptance (ES EX), Empathy (EX O C), Well-Being (ES EX), gross profit margin (O A), Achievement With Conformation (O C), Achievement With Independence (ES EX O C), Psychological-Mindedness (ES O), Flexibility (O C), Sociability (EX-Sociability), Intellectual aptitude (O), Self-Control (ES C), and Good Impression (C). COGNITIVE ABILITY AND VICTIMIZATION 895 Results Descriptive statistics and zero-order correlations are presented in circumvent 1. Cognitive ability is significantly correlated with victimization (r . 18, p . 05). Agency and communion are not significantly correlated with victimization. Several control variablesincluding age (r . 21, p . 01) job, workgroup, organizational stress (r . 41, . 24, . 41, respectively, p . 01) and aggression engagement (r . 54, p . 01)are significantly correlated with victimization.The control variables of positive and negative affectivity and hierarchical status suggest nonsignificant companionships with victimization. Table 2 presents the regression results using the broad operationalization of agency and communion (see Digman, 1997). Because individuals in the same work group are not independent, the independent assumption of traditional ordinary to the lowest degree squares regression is violated, causing biased estimators. Therefore, we used a clustered regression with a White-correction in STATA that allows covariance between individuals within groups and corrects for heteroscedasticity across groups (see W.H. Rogers, 1993). We report unstandardized regression coefficients and regular R2 because standardized coefficients and adjusted R2 are not valid with the cluster option (see Glomb & Liao, 2003 W. H. Rogers, 1993). We tested the degree of multicollinearity with the variance inflation factor values ranged from 1. 05 to 1. 94, with an average variance inflation factor of 1. 37, suggesting it was not a critical problem. Control variables justify 42% of the variance in victim ization (Model 1). Model 2 includes cognitive ability, agency, and communion.Results suggest a significant relationship between cognitive ability and victimization (b 0. 17, p . 01), supporting Hypothesis 1. Agency and victimization were also significantly associated (b 0. 08, p . 05), supporting Hypothesis 2. This association is different from the nonsignificant zero-order correlation, suggesting the association exists after controlling for other variables. Consistent with the zero-order correlations, communion was not significantly associated with victimization Hypothesis 3 was not supported. These variables explain an additional 4% of the variance in victimization.Table 1 Descriptive Statistics and Correlations Variable 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. gender Tenure (years) Age (years) Hierarchical status Negative affectivity Positive affectivity Job stress Workgroup stress Organizational stress Aggression engagement Agency (index) Communion (index) Agency (CPIDominance) Communion (CPICommunality) Cognitive ability Victimization M SD 1 . 15 . 09 . 05 . 00 . 11 . 02 . 12 . 21 . 11 . 01 . 09 . 03 . 09 . 18 . 02 2 3 4 To test the moderating effects of personality traits, we used hierarchical moderated regression with centered interaction terms.Interaction terms explain an additional 4% of the variance in victimization (Model 3). Hypothesis 4, which predicts the moderating role of agency personality traits on the association between cognitive ability and victimization, was supported (b 0. 02, p . 05). Hypothesis 5, which predicts the moderating role of communal personality traits on the association between cognitive ability and victimization, was also supported (b 0. 05, p . 05). The interactions were plotted using Aiken and Wests (1991) method and are shown in Figures 1 and 2.Figure 1 illustrates that as cognitive ability increases, for those high in agency, victimization increases compared with those low in agency. Figure 2 illustrates that as cognitive ability increases, for those low in communion, victimization increases, and for those high in communion, victimization decreases. These results suggest that agency traits exacerbate and that communion traits buffer the relationship of cognitive ability to victimization. We tested the same regression model using specific measures of agency and communion, which is agreeable with Wigginss (1991) operationalization (i. e. CPI-Dominance for agency and CPI-Communality for communion). These results suggest similar empirical findings, which confirm the role of cognitive ability, agency, and communion on victimization at work. Table 3 presents the regression results. In Model 4, results suggest a significant relationship between cognitive ability and victimization (b 0. 15, p . 05), supporting Hypothesis 1. Dominance and victimization were significantly associated (b 0. 11, p . 05), supporting Hypothesis 2. Communality was also significantly associated with victimization (b 0. 18, p . 05), supporting Hypothesis 3.This finding is different than the broad communion index, in which the association was not significant. These variables explain an additional 6% of the variance in victimization. In Model 5, interaction terms explain an additional 2% of the variance in victimization. Hypothesis 4, which predicts the moderating role of agency personality traits on the association between cognitive ability and victimization, 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0. 74 0. 44 1. 85 2. 21 23. 77 7. 41 0. 73 0. 45 19. 24 5. 22 37. 61 5. 63 11. 94 3. 81 9. 63 3. 63 14. 94 5. 02 21. 33 5. 06 55. 55 7. 98 55. 21 4. 25 58. 85 10. 3 54. 43 5. 34 25. 41 5. 40 23. 74 6. 41 .28 . 20 . 04 . 12 . 22 . 18 . 39 . 28 . 16 . 03 . 12 . 05 . 18 . 16 .19 . 10 . 06 . 33 . 31 . 28 . 05 . 03 . 06 . 09 . 01 . 08 . 21 .14 . 05 . 37 . 05 . 21 . 09 . 15 . 07 . 09 . 07 . 05 . 14 .19 . 06 . 15 . 02 . 19 . 10 . 23 . 07 . 18 . 05 . 00 .06 . 29 . 13 . 10 . 27 . 25 . 29 . 09 . 12 . 03 .45 . 55 . 25 . 03 . 01 . 01 . 05 . 03 . 41 .43 . 21 . 01 . 15 . 01 . 12 . 12 . 24 .31 . 22 . 04 . 21 . 01 . 07 . 41 .07 . 05 . 07 . 03 . 08 . 54 .16 . 87 . 11 . 13 . 04 .24 . 54 . 14 . 11 . 11 . 10 . 09 .05 . 09 . 18 1, male Note. N 133. Correlations greater than . 7 are significant at p . 05 those greater than . 21 are significant at p 0 Hierarchical status subordinate 1, supervisor 0 CPI California Psychological Inventory. .01. sex activity female 896 KIM AND GLOMB Table 2 Results of Hierarchical regression outline for Victimization Victimization Variable Gender Tenure (years) Age (years) Hierarchical status Negative affectivity Positive affectivity Job stress Workgroup stress Organizational stress Aggression engagement Cognitive ability Agency (index) Communion (index) Cognitive Ability Agency Cognitive Ability Communion R2 R2 Model 1 0. 2 . 03 . 09 . 55 . 11 . 03 . 35 . 03 . 24 . 62 Model 2 1. 16 . 01 . 09 . 81 . 12 . 05 . 37 . 10 . 25 . 60 . 17 . 08 . 21 . 46 . 04 Model 3 1. 06 . 02 . 09 1 . 09 . 15 . 04 . 43 . 18 . 27 . 60 . 15 . 06 . 26 . 02 . 05 . 50 . 04 .42 Note. N 133. Regression coefficients are unstandardized because standard regression coefficients are disable with the cluster option (see Glomb & Liao, 2003 W. H. Rogers, 1993). Gender female 1, male 0 Hierarchical status subordinate 1, supervisor 0. p . 05. p . 01 (two-tailed test).Figure 2. The moderating role of communion personality traits on the relationship between cognitive ability and victimization. was marginally supported (b 0. 01, p . 10). Hypothesis 5, which predicts the moderating role of communion personality traits on the association between cognitive ability and victimization, was supported (b 0. 03, p . 05). Discussion The primary purpose of this study was to examine the role of cognitive ability in workplace victimization, a topic that has received scant research attention.Cognitive ability predicts many job and real-life outcomes (see Brand, 1987), and thus, it is important to include in the portfolio of variables associated with victimization, such as personality, demographics, behaviors, and organizational characteristics (see Aquino & Thau, 2009 Bowling & Beehr, 2006). Consistent with a victim precipitation model, our results suggest that cognitive ability is associated with workplace victimization. We also tested the relationship between agency and communiontwo interpersonally oriented personality dimensionsand victimization.Consistent with a negative reciprocity cycle and a provocative victim typology, our results suggest that individuals high in agency personality traits experience victimization at work. Counter to expectations, we did not find a significant relationship between communion and lower victimization in our primary analyses. This nonsignificant finding may be explained by the positivenegative asymmetry effect (see Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Fickenauer, & Vohs, 2001 Taylor, 1991), which would suggest that positive interpersonal interactions carry less burthen than negative social interactions, and therefore, it may cause a nonsignificant finding.The nonsignificant findings may also be caused by the broad communion measure, the components of which might evidence differential relationships with victimization. A previous study found that victimization is significantly associated with agreeableness ( . 21, p . 05) but is not significantly associated with conscientiousness and emotional stability ( . 02 and . 10, respectively Figure 1. The moderating role of agency personality traits on the relationship between cognitive ability and victimization. COGNITIVE ABILITY AND VICTIMIZATION 897Table 3 Supplemental Analysis Results of Hierarchical Regression Analysis for Victimization Victimization Variable Gender Tenure (years) Age (years) Hierarchical status Negative affectivity Positive affectivity Job stress Workgroup stress Organizational stress Aggression engagement Cognitive ability Agency (CPI Dominance) Communion (CPI Communality) Cognitive Ability Agency Cognitive Ability Communion R2 R2 Model 4 1. 33 . 01 . 11 . 46 . 11 . 00 . 34 . 14 . 28 . 61 . 15 . 11 . 18 . 48 . 06 Model 5 1. 24 . 02 . 08 . 36 . 14 . 00 . 35 . 18 . 30 . 61 . 12 . 10 . 18 . 1 . 03 . 50 . 02 outcomes, rather than the more distal individual difference of cognitive ability, that are mediating explanatory variables. Future work might explore whether high performance, ability, and achievement in other domains adhere to similar processes (cf. Feather, 1994, on tall poppies). Theoretical Implications This study contributes to the cognitive ability, personality, and workplace victimization literatures in a variety of ways. First, we extend the scope of the victim precipitation model by proposing and testing the possibility of smart victims.Second, contrary to the existing cognitive ability literature, our finding indicates a potential downside to high cognitive ability (e. g. , for another possible exception, such as clever concealer effects, s ee Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985). This study moves cognitive ability research in a new direction by positing and testing a potential downside to high cognitive ability in the workplace. Third, in our study we examined two broad interpersonally oriented personality dimensions agency and communionand their association with workplace victimization.Although personality researchers have confirmed that the agency and communion model is useful in terms of investigating interpersonally oriented outcomes (see Abele & Wojciszke, 2007 Bruch, 2002 Digman, 1997 Helgeson, 1994 Wiggins, 1991), this model is currently less popular than the Big Five model in organizational scholarship, perhaps because of the absence of an agreed upon operationalization of these multidimensional traits (see Helgeson, 1994 Saragovi et al. , 1997).Although the Big Five is certainly a useful taxonomy, because we are interested in workplace victimization and the interpersonal relationships between victims and perpetrators, the agency and communion framework may be useful for future victimization research. Fourth, the interplay of two key individual differences cognitive ability and personality traits on victimization provides an integration of two antonymous theories, which adhere to the social and personality psychological models of social interactions. Although previous workplace victimization literature integrated the victim precipitation model with structural theory (e. g. Aquino, 2000 Aquino et al. , 1999), and reciprocity theory with structural theory (e. g. , Aquino & Bommer, 2003), the integration of the victim precipitation model and reciprocity theory has not received research attention. In this study, we take the first step by integrating victim precipitation with reciprocity theory to demonstrate the interactive effects of cognitive ability and agency communion personality traits on workplace victimization. This approach is consistent with social psychological literature suggesting the mu ltiplicative effect of competence and likeability on social interactions (see Casciaro & Lobo, 2008 Fiske et al. 2006). Note. N 133. Regression coefficients are unstandardized because standard regression coefficients are invalid with the cluster option (see Glomb & Liao, 2003 W. H. Rogers, 1993). Gender female 1, male 0 Hierarchical status subordinate 1, supervisor 0 CPI California Psychological Inventory. p . 10. p . 05. p . 01 (two-tailed test). Jensen-Campbell et al. , 2002), which are captured in our index. These results are consistent with our supplemental analysis when we adopted the specific scale of Communion (i. e. CPICommunality for agreeableness see Wiggins, 1991), we found a significant relationship between communion and victimization (b 0. 18, . 15, p . 05). More studies are necessary to have greater confidence in the relationship between communion personality traits and victimization at work. Finally, our results demonstrate the moderating effects of agency and commu nion on the relationship between cognitive ability and victimization. Results suggest that the relationship between cognitive ability and victimization is exacerbated by agency personality traits, which is manifested in self-oriented behaviors (i. . , independence, dominance, capacity for status, and social presence) in a work group. Conversely, results suggest that the increased propensity to be put-upon because of ones high cognitive ability can be mitigated by communion personality traits, which is manifested in other-oriented or team player behavior (i. e. , communality, responsibility, and socialization) in a work group. We acknowledge that we do not study possible mediating mechanisms and that cognitive ability may be operating as a proxy for other variables relevant to workplace success.For example, it may be that high-performing individuals, rather than high-cognitiveability individuals, are those who are most likely to be the targets of interpersonal aggression. Similar the oretical processes of social comparison would also apply to high performance, but in this case, cognitive ability operates as a proxy for performance. As noted, cognitive ability is related to myriad positive outcomes on the job, and we acknowledge that it may be those proximal favorable job Organizational ImplicationsIn the 1950 movie Harvey, Jimmy Stewarts character Elwood Dowd says, Years ago my mother used to say to me . . . Shed say In this orb Elwood, you must be oh-so smart or oh-so winsome. Well, for years I was smart . . . I recommend pleasant. On the basis of our findings, we recommend that if you are going to be oh-so smart then you should also be oh-so pleasant to avoid workplace victimization. Beyond individual advice, the results also have important practical implications for managers. First, 898 KIM AND GLOMB managers demand to be aware of this potential dark side of high cognitive ability at work.Managers are old(prenominal) with the positive side of high cogni tive ability, but initial evidence of smart victims suggests managers may need to be on the lookout for and take precautions to deter the workplace victimization of smart employees. The strong and consistent relationship between cognitive ability and many elements of performance suggests that these individuals may be among the most important to keep satisfied, productive, and retained. Tactics helpful in preventing the victimization of high-cognitive-ability employees may reduce both the proximal and distal costs of workplace victimization.Second, our results suggest that high cognitive ability does not predestine employees to be victimizedtheir personality also plays a role. Although managers attend to personality during the selection process because it predicts job performance (see Dunn, Mount, Barrick, & Ones, 1995), our results suggest that personality can also have either a protective (i. e. , communion) or intensifying (i. e. , agency) role in victimization. We do not suggest that organizations should not select applicants who are high in agency traits because they are more vulnerable to victimization at work.Personality traits have their own bright and dark sides (see Judge & LePine, 2007). For example, although our results show that employees who are high in agency traits are more likely to be victims at work, research also shows that traits under the agency umbrella are associated with being a leader (e. g. , extraversion Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002). Further, although high-ability employees who are also high in communion are less likely to be victims at work, research also suggests that traits under the communion umbrella are associated with the use of more lenient standards to pronounce coworker performance (e. . , agreeableness Bernardin, Cooke, & Villanova, 2000). Thus, organizations need to consider both the benefits and costs of the communion and agency personality traits of employees and to be aware of their correlates, both favorable and unfavorable. Regardless of the composition of agency and communion in the workforce, organizations can attempt to modify individual behaviors by creating strong situations (e. g. , human resource practices, organization culture) that minimize the link between personality and behaviors and that enhance positive reciprocity norms between employees.Limitations and Future Directions This study is not without limitation. First, range rampart in cognitive ability may cause reduced sample correlations. However, given that range labour reduces the strength of relationships because of limited variance (Sackett & Yang, 2000), this seems to be a minor issue. Further, the degree of variability of cognitive ability is similar to that in other studies (e. g. , Chan, 1997 Mumford, Van Iddekinge, Morgeson, & Campion, 2008 Sackett & Ostgaard, 1994). Second, the external validity of these findings is limited.This data set is small and is from a predominantly Caucasian sample of health care wor kers. The sample is also predominantly female, which may have influenced effects women high in cognitive ability and agency may be particularly prone to victimization because of gender stereotypes (see Broverman, Vogel, Broverman, Clarkson, & Rosenkrantz, 1972). The context of a health care home is interesting because employees may be more empathetic and less competitive given self-selection into this caring profession.They are also more likely to be exposed to victimization the health care industry continually reports some of the highest levels of workplace aggression and victimization (see Rippon, 2000), though victimization is often perpetrated by patients, and in our study we examined victimization from coworkers and supervisors. Examining our relationships in other business contexts and groups is necessary. Third, the construct validity of our agency and communion measures may be questioned.Given that there is not a generally accepted method of transforming the CPI scales into the broad indices of agency and communion, we created our own measures guided by previous literature and linkages of the content of the scales (e. g. , Digman, 1997 Gough & Bradley, 1996 Hough & Ones, 2001). In the field of personality psychology, there have been calls for the development and study of agency and communion scales (see Helgeson, 1994) we concur and believe the development of valid and concise measures of agency and communion traits might communicate the use of these interpersonally oriented personality constructs.Fourth, measures were self-report from a single source, and thus, common method bias is a potential problem. However, cognitive ability and personality traits were measured for personnel selection, and perceived victimization was measured 22 months later, on average (i. e. , average tenure is 22 months). Because there are large temporal and psychological distances between cognitive ability and perceived victimization measures, the impact of common method bia s is not a major concern (see Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003).We also controlled for positive affectivity and negative affectivity, which also impact the cognitive perception and reporting processes (Bowling & Beehr, 2006 Isen, 1987 Podsakoff & Organ, 1986 Schmitt, 1994 Spector, 1994 Watson & Clark, 1984). As Schmitt (1994) suggested, the appropriateness of methods should be based on the stage of development of the research given the lack of research in this area, self-report data would be deemed acceptable. Further, as noted by others (e. . , Aquino & Lamertz, 2004 Spector, 1994), it is difficult to envision hazard in which non-self-report data w