Ecological niche From Wikipedia

Ecological niche From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Black smokers create ecological niches with their unusual environment In ecology, a niche (CanE, UK /? ni / or US /? n? t? /)[1] is a term describing the way of life of a species. Each species is thought to have a separate, unique niche. The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (e. g. , by growing when resources are abundant, and when predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (e. . , limiting access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a consumer of prey). [2] The majority of species exist in a standard ecological niche. A premier example of a non-standard niche filling species is the flightless, ground-dwelling kiwi bird of New Zealand, which exists on worms, and other ground creatures, and lives its life in a mammal niche. Island biogeog raphy can help explain island species and associated unfilled niches. Contents[hide] * 1 Grinnellian niche * 2 Eltonian niche * 3 Hutchinsonian niche * 4 Parameters * 5 See also * 6 References * 7 External links| [edit] Grinnellian niche The word â€Å"niche† is derived from the Middle French word nicher, meaning to nest. The term was coined by the naturalist Joseph Grinnell in 1917, in his paper â€Å"The niche relationships of the California Thrasher. â€Å"[3] The Grinnellian niche concept embodies the idea that the niche of a species is determined by the habitat in which it lives. In other words, the niche is the sum of the habitat requirements that allow a species to persist and produce offspring. For example, the behavior of the California Thrasher is consistent with the chaparral habitat it lives in—it breeds and feeds in the underbrush and escapes from its predators by shuffling from underbrush to underbrush. This perspective of niche allows for the existence of ecological equivalents and also empty niches. For example, the Anolis lizards of the Greater Antilles are a rare example of convergent evolution, adaptive radiation, and the existence of ecological equivalents: the Anolis lizards evolved in similar microhabitats ndependently of each other and resulted in the same ecomorphs across all four islands. [edit] Eltonian niche In 1927 Charles Sutherland Elton, a British ecologist, gave the first working definition of the niche concept. He is credited with saying: â€Å"[W]hen an ecologist says ‘there goes a badger,' he should include in his thoughts some definite idea of the animal's place in the community to which it belongs, just as if he had said, ‘th ere goes the vicar. ‘†[4] The Eltonian niche encompasses the idea that the niche is the role a species plays in a community, rather than a habitat. edit] Hutchinsonian niche Squirrels in public parks may have a different ecological niche than those with less human contact. The Hutchinsonian niche views niche as an n-dimensional hypervolume, where the dimensions are environmental conditions and the resources that define the requirements of an individual or a species to practise â€Å"its† way of life. The niche concept was popularized by the zoologist G. Evelyn Hutchinson in 1957. [5] Hutchinson wanted to know why there are so many different types of organisms in any one habitat. An organism free of interference from other species could use the full range of conditions (biotic and abiotic) and resources in which it could survive and reproduce which is called its fundamental niche. However, as a result of pressure from, and interactions with, other organisms (i. e. inter-specific competition) species are usually forced to occupy a niche that is narrower than this, and to which they are mostly highly adapted. This is termed the realized niche. The ecological niche has also been termed by G. Evelyn Hutchinson a â€Å"hypervolume. † This term defines the multi-dimensional space of resources (e. . , light, nutrients, structure, etc. ) available to (and specifically used by) organisms. The term adaptive zone was coined by the paleontologist, George Gaylord Simpson, and refers to a set of ecological niches that may be occupied by a group of species that exploit the same resources in a similar manner. (Simpson, 1944; After Root, 1967. )[citation needed] Hutchi nson's â€Å"niche† (a description of the ecological space occupied by a species) is subtly different from the â€Å"niche† as defined by Grinnell (an ecological role, that may or may not be actually filled by a species—see vacant niches). Different species cannot occupy the same niche[citation needed]. A niche is a very specific segment of ecospace occupied by a single species. Species can however share a ‘mode of life' or ‘autecological strategy' which are broader definitions of ecospace. [6] For example, Australian grasslands species, though different from those of the Great Plains grasslands, exhibit similar modes of life. [7] Once a niche is left vacant, other organisms can fill that position. For example, the niche that was left vacant by the extinction of the tarpan has been filled by other animals (in particular a small horse breed, the konik). Also, when plants and animals are introduced into a new environment, they have the potential to occupy or invade the niche or niches of native organisms, often outcompeting the indigenous species. Introduction of non-indigenous species to non-native habitats by humans often results in biological pollution by the exotic or invasive species. The mathematical representation of a species' fundamental niche in ecological space, and its subsequent projection back into geographic space, is the domain of niche modelling. [8] What is the ecological niche of a Slater? In:Insects [Edit categories] Answer: the slater's lives in dark places. uptake water by eatting food Rate This Answer Upper Hutt College Year 13 Biology Slater Study Achievement standard: biology 3. 1 Introduction to experiment: In this investigation of the ecological niche of the woodlouse, I chose to experiment the amount of soil moisture that the slaters tend to prefer. I chose this aspect, as moisture is a vital part in the survival of this small creature. Internet sources provided information of the woodlice that shows that they are from crustacean descent and formerly aquatic even though now they are terrestrial rather than water dwelling. Slaters are generally found in moist, dark places with decomposing plant matter. Enter Slater Diagram From two diagrams it is shown the area of the slaters lungs are near the rear end of the woodlouse and located inside the pleopod, these are where the gills are hiding. The Slater is a creature that receives its oxygen through moisture in its surroundings, which is why I chose to do an experiment on moisture and in which amount of water is most suited to their survival and not a threat. The Woodlouse also has no waxy layer on its body which means desiccation is easy compared to other bugs, this is another reason why the slater need moisture in its environment. Aim: The aim of this investigation is to experiment using woodlice and test on which amount of soil moisture they prefer. Hypothesis: I believe that the more soil moisture there is, the more slaters will be found in that area. Independent Variable: The independent variable of this experiment will be the amount of water that is to be added to the soil. This variable will be measured using millilitres and a measuring cup. The range of values for this will be: 0mls, 25mls, 50mls, 75mls and 100mls. To keep this experiment as fair and accurate as possible, the water will be the exact amount by myself getting down to eye level and pouring the water in little amounts to get the precise amount of water needed. Dependent Variable:

The Impact of Daycare on Infants

55% of American mothers now return to work by the time their children are one years old — out of either financial, professional, or personal necessity. In today’s society, there are concerns as to whether attending daycare during infancy produces negative or positive effects on the development of children. Many of these concerns are influenced by the fear that separating an infant from its mother may cause emotional harm to the child or disrupt the mother-infant bond. No study finds that children of employed mothers suffer solely because their mothers are working. Research has shown that mothers who work spend as much time playing with their babies as do mothers without outside jobs (Huston & Aronson, 2005). It has also been questioned as to whether home-based maternal care or nonrelatives day-care provide the child with more opportunity to develop cognitively and socially (Belsky and Steinberg 1978, Field 1991, Lamb 1996, Peisner-Feinberg et al. 2001). There has been research that has found positive effects of day-care on children’s social and cognitive development and suggests that perhaps child-care centers encourage more social interaction than the environment of a home-reared child. There may be more stimulation in day-care and more communication and sharing to be learned, therefore enhancing these abilities of the children who attend them (Peisner-Feinberg et al. 2001). Evidence shows that a good preschool education is beneficial to young children. Children who attend preschool have a head start when they begin elementary school having learned basic concepts in a preschool center. Some of the negative effects a child may experience while attending a child care center include high child to adult ratios, insufficient materials and equipment, staff with inadequate training and experience, and caregiver burnout. There are truly some wonderful and caregivers and daycares out there. Choosing the best one is a very important decision that a parent has to make. How Do You Choose A Good Day Care Center Choosing a day care center is one of the more important decisions parents can make on behalf of their child. While it may be tempting to be swayed by a center based on rates, location or even decor, there are several other factors to consider. When visiting a center there are several questions one can ask the director of the facility to determine if it’s the right one for your child or if you should keep looking (Maughan, 2008). 1. What are the operating hours of the facility 2. How are the children grouped in classes 3. What is the teacher to child ratio for each class 4. What is the centers check in and check out procedures 5. What is the centers policy on disciplinary action for children In addition to these questions a parent should tour the facility and go over the safety procedures for the facility. Word of mouth is also a good resource. Talk to family and friends and find out if and where their infant went to daycare. What would you tell a parent of an infant who is concerned about harming their baby by placing them in Day Care, but must work because of economic necessity? I would tell a parent who must place there infant in daycare to not worry. It won’t cause any harm to their child. As long as they put them in a good quality childcare facility the infant will be ok. The important thing for the parent is to do there homework ahead of time when looking for a facility. The parent can call the facility to see how there child is doing throughout the day. Some facilities even have cameras so the parent can actually see what there child is doing. This may ease the parents mind throughout the day so they won’t be so worried about what is going on with their child. According to the NICHD daycare seems detrimental only when the mother is insensitive and the infant spends more than 20 hours a week in a poor quality program (NICHD, 2005).

Achilles Tendon

The Achilles tendon is a tough band of threadlike tissue that connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. The Achilles tendon is also called the calcaneal tendon. The calf muscles unite into one band of tissue, which becomes the Achilles tendon at the low end of the calf. The Achilles tendon then inserts into the heel bone. Small sacs of fluid called bursa cushion the Achilles tendon at the heel. The Achilles tendon is the largest and strongest tendon in the body. When the calf on our toes when walking, running, or jumping. Despite its strength, the Achilles tendon is also vulnerable to injury, due to its limited blood supply and the high tensions placed on it. Achilles tendon injuries are common in people who participate in these sports such as running, gymnastics, dance, football, baseball, softball, basketball, tennis, and volleyball. An Achilles tendon injury might be caused by overuse. Stepping up your level of physical activity too quickly. Not stretching enough before exercise. Wearing high heels, which increase the stress on the tendon. Problems with the feet. An Achilles tendon injury can result from flat feet, also known as fallen arches. In this condition, the impact of a step causes the arch of your foot to collapse, stretching the muscles and tendons. Muscles or tendons in the leg that are too tight. Rest your Achilles tendon. Avoid all activities that strain the tendon, such as stair climbing or running. While allowing your tendon the days, weeks, or months it needs to heal, try other activities, such as  swimming. Reduce pain by icing your Achilles tendon and taking nonprescription pain relievers. Follow your physical therapy  program if one has been prescribed for you, and do gentle stretching and strengthening exercises, especially focusing on  calf stretches. Do not smoke or use other tobacco products. Smoking slows healing, because it decreases  blood supply. Wear footwear that protects the tendon while it is healing. Quality athletic shoes that support your arches and cushion your heels can make a big difference in your daily comfort and the healing process. If needed, talk to your physical therapist  about heel pads. A bandage that keeps your foot  flexed can restrict the motion of the Achilles tendon. A silicone sleeve or pad can distribute pressure on the Achilles tendon.

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business ethics - Essay Example The action would be wrong if the result involved the suffering of the party and would be right if the outcome was good. This was based on the utilitarianism. The argument put the Newspaper Company on the safer side if its actions were for its good. The company paying various parties to prevent its economic figure from spoilage could make it right (Mill 1861). The action would be wrong if the result involved the suffering of the party and would be right if the outcome was good. This was based on the utilitarianism. The argument put the Newspaper Company on the safer side if its actions were for its good. The company paying various parties to prevent its economic figure from spoilage could make it right (Mill 1861). It is also argued that the measure of suffering may determine the claim the right of equality. This pointed out clearly by a philosopher of utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham (Singer 1976). In the event of the company seeking to maintain its economic position, the scandal will lead to its economic sabotage. The editor causes the company to suffer socially and economically. Therefore, the argument gives the company a lot of strength to demand for its compensation for the lost trust from people and spoilage of its image worldwide. As a result, the editor is ethically wrong due to the inconveniences caused. On the other hand, the people whose affairs have been interfered with will want to enjoy their privacy. They have been denied their right. The argument of Jeremy Bentham becomes the basis on which the people will claim their rights. This will eventually make the company and the editor liable for the inconveniences they have caused to the people despite the payments made to them by this company. These may have caused the people to lose their trusted customers and will also be seen as those who have no proper security over their information system. This shows that all the parties have a right to privacy. The editor on the hand did the publishing of the info rmation since it was part of his work as an employee. According to the ethic duty, the argument will be based on his moral behavior as an employee. His action was his duty to execute the duties as required by his employer and this was being obedient and being honest. He was expected to observe workplace ethics as argued in this theory. Therefore the editor was right in this case. In addition, Kamm, F.N. (1996) argues that if the motive of the action was to prevent suffering of parties, the action is ethically correct (Kamm 1996). The editor may have had an interest to know the limitations and some information about that would lead to the safety of others. The theory allows this if that is the motive. The editor is not punished for his action. The company wants to protect its employees and customers from the scandal by bribing the concerned parties that would interfere with their being. According to the argument, this is ethically allowed. Contrary to this, utilitarianism says ethics will on be good since these resulted in the bad end to the parties. The resigning of the editor form the work was the outcome. Also as the requirement of the human resource management, the company exercised the right to employ the workers, the editor in this case. This has an advantage to the company since it has the manpower, which is the pleasure it gets. The utilitarian ethic therefore argues that the company is right basing on the main intension of this party which has resulted in its

Engineering Analysis 4 - Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engineering Analysis 4 - - Assignment Example Its highly encouraged to use different methods apart from the above mentioned since they are able to yield precisely better results, a way to counter this problem. b Many Laplace Transform software have been developed to solve the differential equations, this software need someone with skills in computers and knowledge in the Laplace so as to use the software efficiently and to be able to guide it to produce error free results. Its encouraged to use the right software that has been tested for to reduce these errors. d The method is tiresome and one mistake in the process can produce wrong results. This can problem is easily countered by looking carefully at the equations and also making sure each variable is corresponding to the value its assigned. The Laplace transform is a method that is applied in solving linear ordinary differential equations. It finds its way in different fields such as in Physics, Control Engineering, electrical Engineering, Signal processing and also Optics. Here we look at different areas were its applied a Application in Physics (It is part of engineering study)- it can be used to solve the harmonics vibrations of the beams at their both end. The formula is correctly inserted to calculate these harmonics c In power system load frequency control- power systems are comprised of transmissions, generations and distributions of systems.There must be turbines which drives a generator that serves the load through distributing and transmission lines. C) The analytic solution does not give the exact solution of the y value. Furthermore, analytic method cannot be used to solve complex differential equations. Analytic solutions can only be used to solve ordinary differential equations of systems where approximations are allowed hence they cannot be used in the design of medical systems and other sensitive engineering systems. Analytic methods are used to solve system equations where complex

Argument in Support of Illegal Immigrants receiving Social Services Essay

Argument in Support of Illegal Immigrants receiving Social Services - Essay Example Increase in the illegal process of immigration mainly from Mexico to the United States, though has a long history, however, was witnessed most conspicuously since 1970s afterwards. Roots of the problem can be cited within execution of the Bracero Program during World War II (specifically in the year 1942) that allowed US employers to derive temporary workers from Mexico (Lemay 4). Now US being one of the strongest economic powers and having a politically stable democratic structure compared to Mexico, was regarded by majority of such workforce as a convenient shelter that would help them for economic and social prosperity. Thus, while a major part of the temporary workers never left the United States even after expiration of their temporary visas, on the other hand, America’s economic and social stability continued to attract immigrants from Mexico to such an extent that even after demise of the Bracero Program and consequent implementation of the â€Å"Immigration and Natura lization Act, 1965† much success could not be attained in controlling the process of illegal immigration.... The Act further states that applications for asylum or any other â€Å"Temporary Protected Status† will also be rejected by the state authorities (Colton-Sonnenberg 4). While considering the fact that the economic supremacy United States is enjoying owes a great deal to the illegal immigrants, actions taken by the nation against providing them with any kind of social service facilities clearly appear to be maliciously selfish and biased on humanitarian grounds. It has been clearly specified by several legal propositions (such as Proposition 187 of 1994) and Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act, 1996 that illegal immigrants are mainly responsible for economically burdening the nation as well as increased anti-social activism (Koven, and Gotzke 140-142). Illegal immigration, from legal perspective, is clearly an act of offense and a state has every right to take actions against those who are joining the act. However, actions taken by the United States to condemn the offense is offensive in itself as those are violating both legal principle of naturalism and norms of humanity. While evaluating the issue of American socio-economic prosperity, the immense contribution from immigrants and their successors in this scenario has been acknowledged by the former American President John F. Kennedy. He not only recognized the United States as a nation of immigrants but also emphasized on the importance of formulating immigration policy in such a manner so that social welfare of the immigrants is ensured (Colton-Sonnenberg 3). Getting to the roots of immigration problem it becomes clear the flaws in implementing the foreign policy has a major role to play to result in the influx of illegal immigration:

Risk Management (Firms and organisations within the healthcare sector) Essay

Risk Management (Firms and organisations within the healthcare sector) - Essay Example Upon questioning our Chief Information Officer regarding risk assessment and management in our organization, I was informed that we had a very well-developed system in place, one whose efficiency and effectiveness were an outcome of trial and error. At the end of the 20th century, we have witnessed the massive transition from isolated, disconnected computers to networked computer clusters all over the world. At present time, there are an estimated 250 million networked hosts world-wide (Telcordia, 2002). This global pervasive connectivity has been a boon for consumers, businesses and governments alike due to the ease, convenience and speed of electronic data exchange. However, the ease of use and relative anonymity that the Internet affords has been leveraged by criminal elements, as well. Indeed, no private, commercial or government agency is completely safe or has been unaffected by the proliferation of this kind of cyber-crime. E-Commerce Times reported that the ILOVEYOUvirus affected 45 million hosts and inflicted monetary damages to the tune of estimated $2.6 billion (Enos, 2000). The infamous Melissa macro virus caused an estimated $300 million in damage in 1999 and several prominent e-commerce sites were hit by Distribut ed Denial of Service attacks in the beginning of 2000 (Committee on Science, 2000). The estimated worldwide damage caused by automated digital attacks over $30 billion for 2002 (Economic Damage, 2002). These estimated damage figures have to be taken with a grain of salt, but the trend is clear. Moreover, in just a dozen years' time, the propagation speed, as well as the estimated damages has increased by five, and two orders of magnitude, respectively. The healthcare organization in question has been affected by both viruses and DoS attacks. As the Chief Information Officer noted, each virus or DoS incident proved extremely costly, whether calculated in terms of financial loss or the cost of resolving the problem. Therefore, to prevent, or limit, the possibility of future attacks, the organization has adopted a rather comprehensive information security framework. Key components of this framework, according to the CIO, are risk assessment and risk management. 3 Risk Assessment Risk is commonly defined as the product of probability and severity of adverse effects, and the most common approach to quantify risk is a single figure - its expected value [Hai98, p. 29]. Mathematically speaking, given a random variable with probability function and loss function , the expected risk value in the discrete case is equal to . It is apparent that these are generic probability weighed averaging formulas. As further explained by the CIO, its semantic specialization into an expected value of risk occurs through the loss function. The unit of the expected risk value is the unit used by the loss function and could be downtime, cost, credibility, etc. As a preliminary example, the simplified risk of attack consequences on a host that is running one application is shown in the table below: Hypothetical Risk Confronted by the Healthcare

Multiple sclerosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multiple sclerosis - Research Paper Example It was not until 1873 that multiple sclerosis was recognized for what it was, though this was after hundreds of people had already died from the disease. As time went on, doctors began to understand the characteristics associated with multiple sclerosis, which helped them to not only discover causes and treatments, but also allowed them to understand where the disease has been and where it is going. There is no known cause of multiple sclerosis. It is believed, though there is no concrete proof, that the cause of the disease in one person as opposed to another has to do with various factors, such as age, gender, ethnicity, and even the place where the person lives. Though the causes are none, the symptoms and signs of the disease are many. The signs and symptoms are as follows: Tremors or lack of coordination Tingling or pain in random parts of the body Sensations of electric-shock when the head is moved a certain way Partial or complete loss of vision Pain during eye movement Numbne ss or weakness in certain limbs, though usually located in one-half of the body, either the right or left side, or the top or bottom half To diagnose multiple sclerosis, basic blood tests are first undergone to rule out other infections and diseases that share similar symptoms to multiple sclerosis.

Dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Dissertation - Essay Example There are several ways by which such developments are undertaken and one such technique is merger and acquisition. Merger and acquisition is a concept in which two or more companies’ works together in the market. This study seeks to scrutinize the impact of merger and acquisition on a company. The company chosen is PTT Global Chemical Company based on Thailand. The study revealed that the company has been both positively as well as negatively affected by the merger and acquisition activity. However, in order to deal with the negative impacts the study recommended strategies by which the company can overcome the same. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Chapter I – INTRODUCTION 6 1.1 Background of the Study 6 1.2 Introduction to Merger and Acquisition 7 1.3 Background of PTT Global Chemical Company 8 1.4 Relevance and Importance of the Study 9 1.5 Aim of the Study 9 1.6 Research Objectives and Research Questions 9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Definition of merger and acquisition 10 2.3 Classification of merger & acquisition 12 2.4 Global M&A activity levels and Regional trends 14 2.5 The impact of Economic Climate against M&A activities 15 2.6 Rationale for M&A and motivations 17 2.7 The impact of M&A on companies 18 2.8 Benefits & Drawbacks of M&A 19 2.9 Types of strategies for M&A 22 CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Research Philosophy 23 3.3 Research Approach 24 3.4 Type of Research 24 3.4.1 Quantitative Research 24 3.4.2 Qualitative Research 25 3.5 Data Collection Method 26 3.5.1 Sampling 27 3.5.2 Data Collection Instruments 27 3.6 Data Analysis 28 3.7 Ethics in Research 28 3.8 Justification 28 CHAPTER 4 – FINDINGS & ANALYSIS 29 4.1 Findings and Analysis of Primary Research 29 4.2 Findings and Analysis of Secondary Research 31 Chapter 5 – Discussion 32 Chapter 6 – Conclusion and Recommendations 33 6.1 Conclusion 33 6.2 Recommendations 34 Reference List 36 Append ix 44 Chapter I – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Once upon a time, the subject of merger and acquisition was especially the area of experts in the industrial origination. However, following the two upheavals, this territory was lost. The first change took place in the form of shift towards diversifying mergers and move away from the traditional combined competing or vertically relating the companies (â€Å"in the United States; less in other industrial countries†). The second change occurred in the form of development of â€Å"event studies† (â€Å"a method of inferring the profitability of mergers ex ante from changes in stock-market values at the time when the transaction is announced†) (Caves, 1987, p.150). Hence, from the above discussion it is evident that the concept of merger and acquisition underwent a drastic shift since these two upheavals took place. Earlier studies have shown that merger and acquisition have been responsible for incr easing the social welfare, augmenting the value of the assets of the firms involved into merger or acquisition (Agrawal, Jaffe and Mandelker, 1992; Augustine, 1995). The notion of merger coincided with history long back during the year 1708 (Caves, 1989; Franks, Harris and Titman, 1991; Franks and Harris, 1989). For example, during this period the East India Company merged with one of its erstwhile competitors for the principal purpose of restoring its monopoly in the Indian trade environment. In the similar way, the year 1784 experienced the two Italian giant banks Monte Pio and Monte dei Paschi united to form

Laboratory Testing and Evaluation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Laboratory Testing and Evaluation Report - Essay Example A theoretical study on their mechanical properties is also made. Samples of both finished materials having 1.2 mm thickness are tested against their mechanical properties which include universal testing and hardness testing. Another study of same grade of material which is kept under different process conditions is also made. Samples of 1.2 mm finished skin rolled SPCC steel versus 1.2 mm annealed SPCC steel were also studied in the same manner. As per discussing the chemical composition of the two materials, JISF (2011) had shown the allowable alloying percentage as given in Table 1. Table 1 Symbol of Grade C (%) Mn (%) P (%) S (%) SPCC steel 0.15 max 0.60 max 0.10 max 0.050 max SPCG steel 0.02 max 0.25 max 0.020 max 0.020 max However, the mill test certificates of the samples reveal following composition as given in Table 2 of the two materials: Table 2 Symbol of Grade C (%) Mn (%) P (%) S (%) SPCC steel 0.10 0.23 0.02 0.009 SPCG steel 0.002 0.17 0.019 0.007 As evident from the ste el grades, commercial SPCC steel is applied in forming applications, and extra deep drawing SPCG steels are meant to be deep drawn. These steels are widely used in various applications. SPCC steel is being used in the making of door hinges, pans, casings, galvanised steels, and profile sheets. Whereas SPCG steel is utilised in deep drawing applications such as motor cycle fuel tank, chain cover, etc. Chemical composition of the alloy steel is incredibly important because each element has its own role in varying the material properties. For instance, rust is a vulnerable defect of steels, and rust is basically the result of iron oxide formation (Blair and Stevens, 1995). Absolute iron is absolutely susceptible to rust. With the introduction of other elements, rust exposure is decreased. Higher percentage of alloying material decreases rust possibility and lowers percentage of alloying material; alloying material increases the risk of rust formation. Therefore, SPCG steel is more susc eptible to rust as compare to SPCC steel. Similarly, elements present in alloying composition also affect mechanical properties of the steel. Mechanical properties are to be assessed in this laboratory testing and material evaluation case study. 1. Structure of Materials Figure 1 (Blair and Stevens, 1995) is the iron-carbon phase diagram. It shows the percentage of Carbon influencing the microstructure of the steel. It is a low-carbon steel which contains carbon between 0 02 % and 0.15 %. Both material grades are the dead mild steel comprises mainly alpha ferrite and the traces of pearlite in its microstructure. These are extremely ductile and are therefore usually utilised as sheets for forming and drawing operations. Its microstructure seems white as of very less insignificant pearlite content steel. Both SPCC and SPCG sample materials lies in pearlite + ferrite region. Figure 1 2. Expected Theoretical Results The chemical composition of these steel is vitally important for assess ing mechanical properties. It is because lower carbon percentage in steel will affect the making of material, lowering its hardness, and a higher percentage of carbon will yield a harder material. Therefore, according to theoretical analysis, SPCC steel should be harder than SPCG steel due to a higher percentage of carbon. JISF (2011) specifies the range for the two material grades, as mentioned in Table 3, of different mechanical prope

Judy Bacas Art for Peace Essay Example for Free

Judy Bacas Art for Peace Essay Making connections: Judy Bacas Art for Peace. Change: According to Baca, Adversity breeds a certain kind of strength Do you agree? Give an example to support your opinion. Is it really true that what does not kill you makes you stronger? I do believe so. Maybe when people face a problem it does not makes too much sense in the near future, however it will do. The story that Bacas grandmother told her when she was a girl is an example of how sometimes people is not able to overcome problems, nevertheless this does not implies that this happens all the time. It is common to appreciate how people become pessimist and often depressive when adversity meet their lives. According to Seery (2011) some theory and empirical evidence suggest that the experience of facing difficulties can also promote benefits in the form of greater propensity for resilience when dealing with subsequent stressful situations. (p. 90) Mark Seery carried a study in which followed 2,398 subjects for a span of three years, he found that there is a balance of adverse life experiences: some adversity seems to make us stronger than those with a life of either no adverse life experiences or many serious struggles. The study concluded that those people who had experienced a lot of adversity had poorer outcomes, on average, than people who reported no history of adversity they were more depressed and anxious, were less satisfied with their lives, and were more likely to have physical or emotional problems that interfered with their ability to work and socialize. Every day, all the time we meet or we know stories of people who had to endure physical abuse, who was exposed to homelessness, or those who had faced natural disaster of physical limitations. A well-known story is the Nick VuJicics story. He was born and raised in Melbourne, Australia. He was born without limbs. By the age of eight he was already depressed and by the age often he decided to end his life by drowning himself in a bathtub. After a couple attempts, he realized that he did not want to leave his loved ones with the burden and guilt that would result from his suicide. He had spoken on motivational topics after creating the company, attitude is altitude. He also launched a non-profit ministry, life without limbs, to spread his messages of faith and hope around the world. Finally, seems like Nietzche was right, what does not kill you makes you stronger. No matter what type of difficulties a erson could have face, always we have the chance of learning of them and breed strength.

Consumer Perception Towards Local Branded Jewellery

Consumer Perception Towards Local Branded Jewellery Till the early 1990s, the average Indian bought jewellery for investment rather than for adornment. Jewellery made of 18-karat gold was not favoured as it was considered a poor investment. Confidence in the local jeweller was the hallmark of the gold jewellery trade in India. A jeweller or goldsmith in a local area had a fixed and loyal clientele. The buyer had implicit faith in his jeweller. Additionally, the local jeweller catered to the local taste for traditional jewellery. However, since the late 1990s, there was a shift in consumer tastes: women were increasingly opting for fashionable and lightweight jewellery instead of traditional chunky jewellery. There was a rise in demand for lightweight jewellery, especially from consumers in the 16 to 25 age group, who regarded jewellery as an accessory and not an investment. The new millennium witnessed a definite change in consumer preferences. Branded jewellery also gained acceptance forcing traditional jewellers to go in for branding. Given the opportunities the branded jewellery market offered; the number of gold retailers in the country increased sharply. Branded players such as Tanishq, Oyzterbay, Gili and Carbon opened outlets in various parts of the country. Traditional jewellers also began to bring out lightweight jewellery, and some of them even launched their in-house brands. However, the share of branded jewellery in the total jewellery market was still small (about Rs. 10 billion of the Rs. 400 billion per annum jewellery market in 2002), though growing at a pace of 20 to 30 percent annually. The branded jewellery segment occupied only a small share of the total jewellery market because of the mindset of the average Indian buyer who still regarded jewellery as an investment. Moreover, consumers trusted only their family jewellers when buying jewellery. Consequently, the branded jewellery players tried to change the mindset of the people and woo customers with attractive designs at affordable prices. However branded jewellery players will continue to face lot of competition from local jewellers. In order to gain market share, they will have to come up with designs that customers want and win the trust and confidence of consumers by hallmarking and demonstrating the purity of the gold used by them. To compete with traditional players, branded players must also find some way to differentiate themselves. While the success of a particular brand will depend on differentiation, affordability and quality will be a key element in sustaining a brand. In addition, branded players require focused advertising and astute salesmanship to compete with traditional jewellers. Besides the major brands- Tanishq, Carbon, Oyzterbay, Gili and Trendsmith several regional players have opened branches to leverage the trust and reputation that they have built up over the years. AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY AIM: To have the Detail Study research on CONSUMER PERCEPTION TOWARDS LOCAL BRANDED JEWELLARY IN RECENT TRENDS with my Theoretical knowledge in a practical way and to have a detail knowledge about the consumers behavior in India towards local and branded jewellery . OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: A comparative study on the consumers Perception towards Local and none branded jewellery is to find out: To compare between the consumer preference among the branded and non branded jewellery. To know consumer perception towards jewellery. Brand awareness of various brands in the jewellery market. To have an idea about the parameters the consumers consider while buying jewellery. CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TYPE OF RESEARCH Exploratory research: Exploratory research is a form of research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. It should draw definitive conclusions only with extreme caution. Given its fundamental nature, exploratory research often concludes that a perceived problem does not actually exist. DEVELOPING THE RESEARCH PLAN: The data for this research project would be collected through questionnaire. A structured questionnaire would be framed as it is less time consuming, generates specific and to the point information, easier to tabulate and interpret. Moreover respondents prefer to give direct answers. COLLECTION OF DATA: Secondary Data: Secondary data was collected from internal sources. The secondary data was collected from the articles, newspapers, journals and internet. Primary data: Respondents were the main source of Primary data. The method of collection of primary data would be direct personal interview and also with a structured questionnaire. Tools and Techniques Used For Data Analysis: Survey Questionnaire Statistical Tool Sampling Sample size: 50 people (mostly working) Sampling Method: Convenience sampling among focus groups selected CHAPTER 3 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION GRAPHS AND TABLES REGARDS TO RESEARCH Sample Description During our research we try to focus on ladies who are working in Bangalore city. We surveyed 50 people (all female). Graphical Representation: 1. What is your monthly income? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=ff9900chl=Less%20than%20%20%5B8%5D%7C10000%20%E2%80%93%205%20%5B18%5D%7C50000%20%E2%80%93%201%20%5B16%5D%7CMore%20than%20%20%5B8%5Dchd=e%3AKPXCUeKP Less than 10,000 16% 10000 50000 36% 50000 100000 32% More than 1000000 16% 2. Have you ever bought jewellery for someone or yourself? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=d00000chl=Yes%20%5B36%5D%7CNo%20%5B14%5Dchd=e%3AuER6 Yes 36 72% No 14 28% 3. How often do you purchase jewellery? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=dcca02chl=Once%20in%203%20%5B11%5D%7COnce%20in%206%20%5B17%5D%7COnce%20a%20year%20%5B22%5Dchd=e%3AOEVwcJ Once in 3 months 22% Once in 6 months 34% Once a year 44% 4. Are you aware of the various brands of cosmetic jewellery? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=00d000chl=Yes%20%C2%A0%20%5B35%5D%7CNo%20%5B15%5Dchd=e%3AsyTM Yes 35 70% No 15 30% 5. Which company do you prefer when it comes to buying branded jewellery? chart.png Tanishq 42% D damas 24% Gitanjali jewels 14% Bhima jewellers 2% Nakshatra 4% I dont have a preference 14% 6. You use cosmetic branded jewellery at: https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=0000e0chl=Casual%20Pa%20%5B19%5D%7COutings%20%5B13%5D%7CFormal%20Occ%20%5B4%5D%7CFamily%20ev%20%5B10%5D%7CI%20don%E2%80%99t%20us%20%5B4%5Dchd=e%3AYUQoFHMzFH Casual Parties 38% Outings 26% Formal Occasions 8% Family events 20% I dont use them 8% 7. Does your buying behavior change as per the occasion? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=ff9900chl=Yes%20%5B33%5D%7CNo%20%5B17%5Dchd=e%3AqOVw Yes 33 66% No 17 34% 8. What kind of material would you prefer jewellery to be made of mostly? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=d00000chl=Gold%20%5B27%5D%7CPlatinum%20%5B14%5D%7CSilver%20%5B4%5D%7CPrecious%20s%20%5B5%5Dchd=e%3AijR6FHGZ Gold 54% Platinum 28% Silver 8% Precious stones 10% 9. Which product in jewellery you buy most ? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=dcca02chl=Earrings%20%5B27%5D%7CBangles%20%5B13%5D%7CNecklace%20%5B5%5D%7CChains%20%5B5%5Dchd=e%3AijQoGZGZ Earrings 27 54% Bangles 13 26% Necklace 5 10% Chains 5 10% 10. Are you willing to pay for better design and quality of jewellery? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=00d000chl=Yes%20%5B39%5D%7CNo%20%5B11%5Dchd=e%3Ax6OE Yes 39 78% No 11 22% 11. What is your awareness about hallmarked jewellery? 1 no awareness 0% 2 little awareness 30% 3 moderately aware 44% 4 well aware 26% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=9601acchl=1%20-%20no%20awa%20%5B0%5D%7C2%20-%20littl%20%5B15%5D%7C3%20-%20moder%20%5B22%5D%7C4%20-%20well%20%20%5B13%5Dchd=e%3AAATMcJQo 12. Would you rather wear modern cosmetic jewellery or traditional ones? Modern 58% Traditional 30% Depends on the occasion 12% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=0000e0chl=Modern%20%5B29%5D%7CTraditional%20%5B15%5D%7CDepends%20on%20%5B6%5Dchd=e%3AlHTMHr 13. Do you consider buying an investment rather than a simple cosmetic purchase? Yes 30 60% No 20 40% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=ff9900chl=Yes%20%5B30%5D%7CNo%20%5B20%5Dchd=e%3AmZZm 14. Do you gift or are you usually gifted branded jewellery for occasions? Yes 25 50% No 25 50% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=d00000chl=Yes%20%5B25%5D%7CNo%20%5B25%5Dchd=e%3Af.f. 15. With the rising cost, do you still believe in buying gold to keep up traditions? No, its a needless expense 24% Yes ,traditions are important 76% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=dcca02chl=No%2C%20it%E2%80%99s%20%20%5B12%5D%7CYes%20%2Ctrad%20%5B38%5Dchd=e%3APWwo 16. Have you ever taken advantage of jewellery exchange programs? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=00d000chl=Yes%20%5B23%5D%7CNo%20%5B27%5Dchd=e%3Adbij Yes 23 46% No 27 54% CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS Table A Frequency of Purchase Once in 3 months 22% Once in 6 months 34% Once a year 44% Table B Brand Preference. Tanishq 42% D damas 24% Gitanjali jewels 14% Bhima jewellers 2% Nakshatra 4% I dont have a preference 14% Table C Willing to pay for better design and quality of jewellery Yes 78% No 22% Table D Awareness about hallmarked jewellery 1 no awareness 0% 2 little awareness 30% 3 moderately aware 44% 4 well aware 26% Table E Modern or traditional jewellery Modern 58% Traditional 30% Depends on the occasion 12% Table F Jewellery exchange programs Yes 46% No 54% According to table A, 44% people purchase jewellery once a year. Table B shows that tanishq is the most preferred brand out of the other brands in jewellery. Table C shows that 78% of the people are willing to pay for better design and quality of jewellery. Table D depicts that 44% people are moderately aware about hallmarked jewellery. Table E shows that 58% people prefer modern jewellery . Table F shows that 46% have taken advantage of jeweler exchange programs CHAPTER 5 LIMITATIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS LIMITATIONS OF STUDY Bound to only Bangalore city The limitation of the study is it is limited to only the main city area of Bangalore and ignores the samples from the smaller parts of the district. The buying behaviour of an individual varies from place to place. Awareness- the sample taken and the conclusion drawn can be led to only one side if there is lack of awareness about branded jewellery Sample size- The sample size of the study is only 50 which would not give a comprehensive result. Many important samples may not be considered at all. The conclusion of the study may not result to an accurate outcome due to the sample size being small CONCLUSION It has been concluded from the research that the women sector especially the working women play a great role in purchase of branded jewellery. Branded jewellery is extremely essential. The branded jewellery segment occupied only a small share of the total jewellery market because of the mindset of the average Indian buyer who still regarded jewellery as an investment. The scenario of the Indian customers is still the same as before. The branded jewelers face an enormous amount of competition from the local jewellery dealers. However the present generation does give a lot of importance to the branded jewellery and the awareness is actually growing to a great extent in todays scenario. Nearly 22% of the working women purchase jewellery only once a year and nearly 35% of the ladies are aware of the cosmetic jewellery which shows that the trend is changing to greater extent.44% of the women are aware of hallmark jewellery which is a positive sign for the branded jewellery industry. Today the scenario has changed where people not only buy gold as an investment but also for adornment .60% buy as an investment whereas 40% buy for the sake of adornment which is still a positive sign. The women today especially who are working are ready to welcome the new upcoming fashion in a large scale. If branded jewellery are planning to enter the Indian market then advertising strategies need to be extremely strong as the notion of the public needs to be transformed. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended that the number of branded jewellers should increase their outlets and the number of sales should increase .As the present generation working women are ready to adapt to branded jewellery. People prefer various cosmetic jewellery and would be ready to welcome them if advertisements are introduced to promote them. At present 70% of the people are aware of cosmetic jewellery .Gold sector should be concentrated and tried to develop as compared to other sectors like diamond , platinum, silver etc. as the percentage of people interested in gold is 27% which is the highest compared to the other avenues. The research indicates that 39% are willing to pay more for better design and quality of the jewellery so the branded jewellery sector must make optimum use of this opportunity and enter the market. Appendix Summary of responses through online research: Excel Sheet Attached Responses.xls QUESTIONNAIRE 1) What is your monthly income? Less than 10,000 10000 50000 50000 100000 More than 1000000 2Have you ever bought jewellery for someone or yourself? Yes No 3) How often do you purchase jewellery? Once in 3 months Once in 6 months Once a year 4) Are you aware of the various brands of cosmetic jewellery? Yes No 5) Which company do you prefer when it comes to buying branded jewellery? Tanishq D damas Gitanjali jewels Bhima jewellers Nakshatra I dont have a preference 6) You use cosmetic branded jewellery at: Casual Parties Outings Formal Occasions Family events I dont use them 7) Does your buying behaviour change as per the occasion? Yes No 8) What kind of material would you prefer jewellery to be made of mostly? Gold Platinum Silver Precious stones 9) Which product in jewellery you buy most? Earrings Bangles Necklace Chains 10) Are you willing to pay for better design and quality of jewellery? Yes No 11) What is your awareness about hallmarked jewellery? Choose any number from 1 to 4. 1-no awareness 2-little awareness 3-moderately aware 4-well aware 12) Would you rather wear modern cosmetic light weight corrosion resistant jewellery or traditional ones? Modern traditional depends on the occasion 13) Do you consider buying jewellery an investment rather than a simple cosmetic purchase? Yes no 14) Do you gift or are you usually gifted branded jewellery for occasions? Yes no 15) With the rising cost of gold, do you still believe in brides buying so much gold to keep up traditions? No, its a needless expense Yes, traditions are important 16) Have you ever taken advantage of jewellery exchange programs? Yes No

Influential Factors That Affected Athens History Essay

Influential Factors That Affected Athens History Essay Some of the most influential factors that affected Athens rise and fall were their form of government, their leadership, and their arrogance. Athens democracy greatly affected their rise and collapse because it helped them rise to power, but it also caused them to make bad choices, leading to their fall. Similarly, the superior leadership of the Athenians facilitated the growth of Athens and was also a key factor in its downfall. Because of their outstanding leadership in the Persian Wars, the Athenian self-image was boosted, and this arrogance caused many other city-states, chiefly Sparta and Corinth, to dislike Athens and bring their city-state to ruins. Athens democracy greatly affected their rise and collapse because it helped them rise to power, but it also caused them to make bad choices, leading to their fall. The democracy allowed for regular citizens of the city-state to have a say in their government. In 507 B.C., Cleisthenes created ten tribes which each had 50 representatives in the Boule. This was the start of democracy in Athens. Also, an Assembly was established where all male citizens over the age of 18 could go and discuss matters. Since anyone could stand up to speak at the Assembly, a feeling of equality was established. Now it was the common people who could make decisions for their city-state, not the selfish aristocrats. Under the democracy, many great leaders were elected, such as Themistocles and Pericles who both made great contributions to Athens. However, many poor leaders were also chosen such as Cleon, who was a leather tanner. This shows a big flaw in the democracy of Athens. How could a leather tanner, th e lowest of the low, be elected to lead a critical invasion? Also, the democracy made bad decisions. In 413 B.C., even after Nicias had reported that there was no hope in fighting the Sicilians any longer, the Athenians voted to send another 15,000 men to fight! The Sicilian Expedition was a failure, and it cost thousands of men their lives with only a handful of them making it back alive to Athens. The democracy of Athens was a major factor in its rise to power, but it also played a part in bringing about its downfall. Similarly, the superior leadership of the Athenians facilitated the growth of Athens and was also a key factor in its downfall. In both Persian Wars, great generals led the Athenians to victory over the Persians. In the First Persian War in 490 B.C., one of the Athenian generals, Miltiades, was daring and attacked the Persian army while their cavalry was away in the Battle of Marathon. This led to an overwhelming win for Athens. They only lost 192 men while Persia lost a staggering 6,400 men. The great leadership of Miltiades led the Athenians to a huge victory over the Persians. A strategic decision made by Themistocles before the Second Persian War was to use the silver that the Athenians found in early fifth century B.C. to build a navy of triremes. He knew that after losing the first war, the Persians would be back to get revenge. This turned out to be a crucial decision because the Greek win at Salamis was a turning point in the war. In the Second Persian War, Athens was given c ommand of the Greek navy. In 480 B.C., Themistocles, who was in charge of the navy, tricked Xerxes, the king of Persia, into thinking the Greek navy was in disarray. Xerxes took the bait and chased the Greek navy into the Strait of Salamis. There, the larger size of the Persian navy was of no use because there was no room to maneuver, and the Greeks destroyed the Persian navy. The trickery of Themistocles resulted in a decisive win for the Athenians and one of the most important wins for the Greeks in the Second Persian War. However, leadership was also one of the causes of the fall of Athens. In the Peloponnesian War, many bad choices by leaders caused them to be defeated by Sparta. For example, in 425 B.C., Cleon, a leather tanner, convinced the Athenians that launching a direct attack on Sparta would be smart because the Spartans would not dare attack while the Athenians were in their territory. The invading force, however, got stuck on an island just off the shore, and after two years, the invasion failed. This failure cost the Athenians a large amount of their funds. Cleons failure to think his actions through was clearly a sign of bad leadership that cost Athens. Another example of bad leadership comes from the Sicilian Expedition in 415 B.C. Nicias, a leader that was opposed to war, was the only one left in charge of the expedition after Alcibiades had been arrested and escaped, and Lamachus had been killed in battle. He turned out to be a terrible leader because he was indecisive and missed many opportunities to defeat the Sicilians. Even when he finally realized that it was hopeless to fight the Sicilians, he hesitated, and the night before the Athenian army was about to leave, their entire fleet was burned by fire ships. The Sicilian Expedition had exhausted the Athenian treasury because they had sent an unprecedented amount of men, and it had ended in an utter failure. The poor leadership of Nicias ended horrifically and resulted in the deaths of th ousands of Athenians. Clearly, great leadership was a factor in helping Athens rise to power, but ironically, it was also a major factor in its decline. Because of their outstanding leadership in the Persian Wars, the Athenian self-image was boosted, and this arrogance caused many other city-states, chiefly Sparta and Corinth, to dislike Athens and bring their city-state to ruins. Their boosted self-image can be seen best in their artwork after the Persian Wars. Before the wars, their sculptures of humans all had the same posture, with one foot forward and arms at the side. This showed a humbleness towards the gods because gods were portrayed as strong and tall. However, after the wars, sculptures of humans could not be distinguished from the gods. Humans were now portrayed with rippling muscle, tall, and freedom of movement. In the Parthenon frieze, the humans look exactly the same as the gods on the pediments, albeit smaller and in low relief. Also, they portrayed themselves as rational in the metopes, and the savages were shown as irrational and crazy. Their arrogance can be seen in Pericles Funeral Oration when he says, I declare that our city is an education to Greece. He clearly thought very highly of his city and that it was the best in all of Greece. Their arrogance caused them to become power-hungry. In the Melian Dialogue, the Athenians speak with a condescending tone towards the Melians when they try to force them into becoming part of the Athenian empire. This is evident when they say, your actual resources are too scanty to give you a chance of survival against the forces that are opposed to you at this moment. The Athenians clearly think that they are superior to the Melians. Furthermore, they did not let members of the Delian League to withdraw their membership. This was shown when Naxos tried to withdraw, and the Athenians waged war against them and took down their walls. The arrogance of the Athenians also caused them to become overambitious. They started to expand into mainland Greece, which made city-states such as Sparta and Corinth worry. Their expansion was one of the major factors that le ad to the Peloponnesian War. In the war, their overambition caused them to make many costly mistakes that eventually led to their end. The arrogance of the Athenians clearly was a key factor in their destruction. Three major causes of the rise and fall of Athens were its democracy, its leadership, and its arrogance. The democracy produced many great leaders, but unfortunately, also many bad leaders. Their arrogance was a result of great leadership in the Persian Wars, and it led to the end of Athenian power in Greece. Democracy Let ordinary people feel equal to wealthier people Triremes promoted democracy Because they felt equal and could make a difference in the government, they did not revolt against the government Everyone had a say during the Assemblies Caused downfall because they made bad decisions Supported the Sicilian Expedition After Nicias told them that there was no hope left in fighting, they sent over another 15,000 men! Lost thousands of men and only a handful of the men made it back to Athens Also allowed for bad leaders to be chosen, such as Cleon, who was a leather tanner Leadership Great generals led Athens to victory against the Persians First Persian War: Sparta refused to help Athens, so they had only 10,000 Athenians and 1,000 soldiers from Plataea against 25,000 Persians Only had 10 generals, but Miltiades was daring and attacked while the Persian cavalry was away Won overwhelmingly, losing only 192 men to Persias 6,400 Second Persian War: Athens was given command of the navy Themistocles tricked Xerxes, king of Persia, into thinking that the Greek fleet was in disarray, so the Persians attacked and were destroyed by the Greek triremes When Athens found a huge deposit of silver, Themistocles suggested that it be used to build a huge fleet of triremes Turned out to be a great idea in the Second Persian War Bad leadership in the Peloponnesian War caused their defeat by the Spartans Cleon, a leather tanner, convinced the Athenians to launch an attack on Sparta Invading force got stuck on an island just off shore Failed after two years Spend a huge amount of funds on this invasion Alcibiades convinced the Athenians to approve of the Sicilian Expedition which was intended to cut off supplies from Sparta and Corinth Sent a huge force, larger than any other Athens had previously sent anywhere, to take Syracuse Spent almost all of the money in the treasury Alcibiades was arrested the day the expedition left for defacing public statues, but he escaped and told Sparta all of his plans Lamachus was killed in the first few days of fighting, so only Nicias was left Nicias missed many opportunities Athenians decided to send another 15000 men, commanded by Demosthenes, to attack, but it failed Even when the orders had been given to sail back to Athens, Nicias was hesitant, and that night, the entire fleet was burned by fire ships Arrogance Arrogance after winning both Persian Wars Shown in their artwork and sculptures Portrayed themselves the same as gods in the Parthenon frieze Humans were shown as rational and the savages were shown as crazy creatures in the metopes of the Parthenon Statues of humans could not be distinguished from gods Showed the ideal human being Tall and strong Freedom in movement Before, they portrayed humans as all uniform in shape and they all held the same posture Pericles Funeral Oration I declare that our city is an education to Greece. Shows he thinks very highly of Athens Melian Dialogue your actual resources are too scanty to give you a chance of survival against the forces that are opposed to you at this moment.] Clearly condescending Arrogance caused overambitious actions Started to expand into mainland Greece Made some city-states worry such as Sparta and Corinth, which caused the Peloponnesian War Forced members into the Delian League and would not let them leave

Good and Evil in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodma

Good and Evil in Young Goodman Brown In "Young Goodman Brown." Nathaniel Hawthorne considers the question of good and evil, suggesting that true evil is judging and condemning others for sin without looking at one's own sinfulness. He examines the idea that sin is part of being human and there is no escape from it. Of the many symbols he uses in this story, each has a profound meaning. They represent good and evil in the constant struggle of a young innocent man whose faith is being tested. As the story begins, Young Goodman Brown bids farewell to his young wife "Faith, as [she] was aptly named" (211). When she " ...thrust her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind play with the pink ribbons of her cap" we associate the purity of "Faith" and the "pink ribbons" as a sign of the innocence and goodness of the town he is leaving behind (211). As he continues "on his present evil purpose" he sets off at sunset to enter the forest (212). A place "darkened by all the gloomiest trees," unknown territory, and a place where "there may be a devilish Indian behind every tree," with this we know the forest represents evil and sinfulness (212). His decision to enter the forest and leave his "Faith" behind is the first decision, of many, between good and evil that he must make. After entering the forest he meets a traveler whom he later finds out is the devil. He is carrying a staff representing evil, "which bore the likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought, that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself, like a living serpent" (213). When the traveler offers his staff to Young Goodman Brown he resists by replying, "having kept covenant by meeting thee here, it is my purpose to return whence I cam... ...the forest ultimately causes him to believe that he is better than everyone else and he disassociate himself from all those in the town as he judges them as being sinners. He becomes "a stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man..." after his journey when he commits the ultimate sin of judging and condemning others without looking at one's own sinfulness. In the end "they carved no hopeful verse upon his tombstone; for his dying hour was gloom (221). Works Cited and Consulted Benoit, Raymond. "'Young Goodman Brown': The Second Time Around." The Nathaniel Hawthorne Review 19 (Spring 1993): 18-21. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Complete Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Doubleday and Co., Inc.,1989. Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York: Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.

Privatization Essay -- Government Businesses Papers

Privatization Privatizing services is a more attractive option for most local governments and is widely practiced around the state. There are certain government services in which it is impractical to create a free competitive market. For others, it is almost impossible to predict the potential success or failure of privatization. These unclear predictions make privatization a very complicated issue for local governments. The combination of rapidly rising service costs and slowly increasing revenues has led officials in some cities and counties to use non-traditional income services to fund government options. Throughout the mid 1980's state and local governments continue to be in trouble because of the rapid increase in the demand for services they provide along with an increasing resistance on the part of their citizens to raising taxes in order to provide those services. Privitization is an outsourcing of functions to private companies that the financial burdern of providing these services shifts from the taxpayers at large to the individual consumers. Doing away with government services at the local level is almost impossible. Elected officials are often resistant to vote to cut services. The elected officials are usually familiar with the people who might be negatively impacted by such an action. Citizens usually do not want to do away with local government services because they view services such as water/sewer, fire , police and recreation as being life sustaining. Citizens feel that services can't be provided adequately by state or federal governments, and would like to keep services at the local level. A factor to keep in mind when looking at the potentials and downfalls of privatization is the private... ...ion/BURZASH.htm. Privatization on the Roll, says RPPI http://www.reason.org/apr98central.html The Opportunities and Challenges of Privatization http://www.doe.gov/privatization/report/chapt-3.htm The Opportunities and Challenges of Privatization http://www.doe.gov/privatization/report/chapt-4.htm The Legal and Political Enviornment of Privatization http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/pgem/ch1c.html ASCH, Peter, and Sececa, Rosalind S. Government and the Marketplace 2nd Edition. The Dryden Press, a division of Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1989 Weicher, John Private Innovations In Public Transit. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public policy Research, 1988 Krikorian, Greg and Riccardi, Nicholas Board Votes to Test Privatizing Child Support System. Los Angeles Times, November 11, 1988.

Players Book Report :: essays research papers

Players Book Report 395 pages (Word Count: 854) General Questions Part A 1. What is the title of your book? Players: Con Men, Hustlers, Gamblers and Scam Artists. 2. What is the author’s name? Edited by Stephen Hyde and Geno Zanetti. 3. Which company published the book? (Give the publishing company’s name, not the printer’s name.) Thunder’s Mouth Press. 4. When was the book published? (Give the latest date of publication.) 2002. 5. In what city was it published? (If your book lists several cities, simply give the name of the first city listed.) New York City, New York. The book Players is a very, very good book. It is a compellation of 36 short stories and excerpts from books about gambling, con men, scam artists, hustlers and various other people. The first story is called The Lottery of Babylon by Jorge Luis Borges. This story was about an old lottery in Babylon. The lottery started out small with just paying out money but in time it got bigger and bigger and bigger. In the end of it the prizes changed from just money to a cult of people who played it, it went from just one winner to many winners, and many losers. Some people whose numbers are pulled won a great amount of treasure, or land or other great prizes. Some would get mediocre prizes like a small amount of money, some would get nothing. The people whose numbers were pulled and deemed losers could get killed, tortured or other horrible things. One story that is quite longer then most of the other stories is Rudyard Kipling’s The Man Who Would Be King. This is a story narrated by a newspaper editor whose friends come in and tell him of their plan to become kings of Kafiristan, which is part of Afghanistan, and then to become kings of all of Afghanistan in the name of Briton. They go to Kafiristan and carry out their plan by acting like gods using guns against the primitive Afghanis and got people to follow them and to crown them kings. At the end their plan falls apart when he tries to marry a girl who bites him at the alter. The people see blood and realize he is not a god. Then they chase all of them out of Kafiristan. Another story is called the Merry Antics of Izzy and Moe by Herbert Asbury. This story is about prohibition in the USA in the 1920’s.

What is K-12? Essay

According to the K to 12 Deped Primer (2011), â€Å"K-12 means â€Å"Kindergarten and the 12 years of elementary and secondary education.† Kindergarten points to the 5-year old child who undertakes the standardized curriculum for preschoolers. Elementary education refers to 6 years of primary school (Grades 1-6) while secondary education means four years of junior high school (Grades 7-10 or HS Year 1-4). In addition to this, two years are now allotted for senior high school (Grades 11-12 or HS Year 5-6). see more:k-12 advantages and disadvantages What is the rationale for this program? There is an urgent need to enhance the quality of basic education in our country as seen in the education outcomes of Filipino students and the comparative disadvantage of the Philippines with regard to other countries. The following data would support this explanation: At present, the Philippines is the only country in Asia and among the three remaining countries in the world that uses a 10-year basic education cycle. According to a presentation made by the South East Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO-INNOTECH) on Additional Years in Philippine Basic Education (2010), the comparative data on duration of Basic and Pre-University Education in Asia shows that the Philippines allots 10 years not just for the basic education cycle but also for the pre-university education while all the other countries have either 11 or 12 years in their basic education cycle. Achievement scores highlight our students’ poor performance in national examinations. The National Achievement Test (NAT) results for grade 6 in SY 2009-2010 showed only a 69.21% passing rate while the NAT results for high school is at a low 46.38%. Moreover, international tests results in 2003 Trends in International Mathematics and Science study (TIMSS) show that the Philippines ranked 34th out of 38 countries in HS Math and 43rd out of 46 countries in HS II Science. Moreover, the Philippines ranked the lowest in 2008 even with only the science high schools joining the Advanced Mathematics category. The present curriculum is described as congested. This means that students do not get enough time to perform tasks because the curriculum is designed to be taught in a span of 12 years and not 10 years. The more obvious result of this is the fact that most high school students graduate without the readiness to take upon higher education  or employment. These students are not equipped with the basic skills or competencies needed at work. Furthermore, the short duration of our basic education program puts Filipinos who are interested to either work or study abroad at a disadvantage. This is because other countries see our 10-year program as incomplete, which then, causes Filipino graduates to not be considered as professionals abroad. Given all these supporting facts, there is indeed a need to improve the quality of basic education by enhancing it and by expanding the basic education cycle. What is the vision of this program? Records will show that as early as 1925, there were already efforts to improve the basic education curriculum and recommendations have been put forward since then. Thus, this idea of adding years to the present curriculum is not new. The K-12 Curriculum envisions â€Å"holistically developed learners with 21st century skills† (Deped Primer, 2011). At the core of this basic education program is â€Å"the complete human development of every graduate† (DepEd discussion paper, p.6). This further means that every student would have an understanding of the world around him and a passion for life-long learning while addressing every student’s basic learning needs: â€Å"learning to learn, the acquisition of numeracy, literacy, and scientific and technological knowledge as applied to daily life† (p.6). In addition to this, every graduate is envisioned to have respect for human rights and would aim to become â€Å"Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makabansa, Maka-kalikasanâ⠂¬  (p.6) The K-12 vision aims to have relevance in the socio-economic realm, as well. This means that the students would understand their role as productive members of the country. Such vision can only be possible through an enhanced curriculum. What are the benefits of this program? Prof. Calingasan explains that â€Å"while parents may look at this as extended expense i.e., paying tuition for another 2 years in high school, this would offset itself since the competencies one would learn from the additional years are the same ones which the first two years of general education in college teach.† The DepEd primer (2011) specifies the benefits to individuals and families: 1. A decongested academic workload, giving students more time to master competencies and for co-curricular activities and community involvement, thus, allowing for a more holistic development; 2. Graduates will possess competencies and skills relevant to the job market and they will be prepared for higher education; 3. K-12 is affordable; 4. The potential annual earnings of a K-12 graduate will be higher compared to the earnings of a 10-year high school graduate; 5. Graduates will be recognized abroad. The benefits of K-12 curriculum for the society and the economy are: 1. It will contribute to economic growth. Studies show that improvements in the quality of education increases GDP growth. According to the DepEd (2010), studies in the country have reflected that an additional year of school increases the earnings by 7.5% and that improvements in the quality of education will enable the GDP grow by 2-2.2%. 2. It will facilitate the recognition of Filipino graduates and professionals in other countries 3. A better educated society provides a sound foundation for long-term socio-economic development.

A Value Based Society for Our Future Essay

Present day society has seen its share of the erosion of values ever since the dawn of technology. It is as if these values were being thrown aside for technology to take its place. And technology like a dark mist shrouding the values of a person making what we know today as materialism. This obviously puts forth proof of how flawed society can be without values being the base of it. The vision of how our future society is intended to be is undoubtedly a utopia where peace and harmony is above all else. Currently our world and society faces violence, on a general scope of this issue would be the occurrence of war, Wars in the past have been fueled by a difference of values. Now what are values you might ask, as defined by the oxford’s advanced learner’s English dictionary, values are beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is important in life. Since values are a belief on what is important in life, it is necessary that the right belief is instilled within an individual of a society, so as not to create any forms of false society norms. The topic which I intend to highlight today would be the examples of values that communities in the society should practice and apply. As well as reasons to support my points of view. From my perspective on the topic, I feel that it is important to have the values of Change, Tolerance, Teamwork and Honesty First and foremost, Change, a value portraying the will of an individual to undergo a course of development for the better. Before dwelling on what type of values should be instilled in an individual or how do we apply these values, We have to first realise the importance of possessing this will for a better change, because without this most important criteria, the instilling of new values to improve our society is impossible. Allow me to give you an analogy, what is the use of knowing what is a value which benefits society when you have no will to act so? This depicts how actions speak louder than words, and in this case the will to act is indeed very important. Secondly the value which I would like to highlight on is Tolerance. Tolerance is the willingness to accept somebody/something, especially opinions or behaviour that you may not agree with. This value plays a key role in creating an environment of peace and harmony, Because tolerance is the solution for the difference of values of which people possess, and definitely the first step to achieving peace between individuals of different values would be the acceptance of one another. To apply this in a real-life situation, when someone sees things in a different perspective, don’t discriminate or brand him weird, instead try and see things from that person’s perspectives to understand him. And if both or more parties understand and can tolerate each other, misunderstandings will be reduced and harmony on the other hand will be promoted. Moving on, I would like to emphasize on the value of teamwork. Teamwork is cooperative or coordinated effort of a group in the interests of a common cause which is usually effective. And if a value based society is the goal to reach, then it would suggest that those who are a part of the society should chip in their efforts in order to make the goal a reality instead of continuing to encase it in dreamland. Teamwork is definitely a very dear value if a better future is the main focus of the goal in the future. Teamwork can be easily applied in everyday life, for instance, when you and another person are made in-charge of something. Do not do that ‘something’ alone, because this would lead to poor results due to miscommunication. With teamwork, everything would be set just right because the resources to accomplish something are multiplied. Lastly I would like to bring forth the value of Honesty. Honesty is the quality of never hiding the truth of something. And in a value based society for the future, honesty plays a big role as well. Because through honesty, will trust be promoted. To explain this, honesty means that everyone is truthful with one another, this can break down the cautious barrier between people which has been inhibiting them from understanding and trusting each other well for a long time. And without trust let me remind everyone here, a good society is impossible to be achieved because people of both sides spend their time and effort on the precautions about one another. As a conclusion, Society in the future will have no improvement if values such as change, tolerance, teamwork as well as honesty are not what the society is based on. And society will continue to fall if these values continue to be seen as negligible in the eyes of the modern society.

Religious Truth vs. Scientific Truth Essay

Scientific beliefs have a basis of solid evidence and can been proven using the scientific method and through extensive research. But there is no â€Å"scientific method† for proving religious beliefs. That is, there is no way one could know that a particular, or any religion is â€Å"true† or â€Å"false. † That therefore, raises a question, â€Å"are religious beliefs true in the same sense that scientific beliefs are true? † I believe that since we have no way of telling indefinitely which religion is the â€Å"truth,† that it is simply an important feature of ones personality and outlook on the world, and what they personally choose to believe is â€Å"true† to them. Like Robert Solomon says in â€Å"The Little Philosophy Book,† â€Å"Perhaps one could suggest that religious beliefs are more like aesthetic beliefs; that is, they are just ‘personal’ or, in other words, subjective. They are not literally true but not false either. † In order to determine this conclusion, however, one must look at both the reasons to believe this is true, and also the opposing viewpoint. What religious beliefs are true? If you believe your own to be true you are therefore saying that all others, who believe differently are wrong. But at the same time if you claim that others can be true you are implying that your own is false. And if you claim that neither one is true nor false, but it is an issue of personal belief and simply subjective, then what does that say of the many religious believers who believe that their religion is the true one? That what everyone believes may in fact be false? Personally, I do not believe by suggesting that religious beliefs are personal and that just because someone else believes something differently, that they are false. Religious beliefs are beliefs taught, not seen or proven, but knowing and having faith in their existence. I like the way that Gandhi views religion. His idea of religion was not totally esoteric. He knew that every religion was connected with some belief system supported by rituals and he tried to get rid of the rituals as far as possible and make it more universal. To Gandhi religion was a human institution made my human ingenuity to solve practical affairs as well as spiritual matter. He explained it as trying to climb a mountain. The mountain represented Heaven, or ones idea of it. And it doesn’t matter which side of the mountain you climb, (which religion you practice) but that all religion have the same goal. That coincides with my belief, that although people may have various different religious beliefs, one does not make the other false. It can be said that the only way something, anything, could be absolutely true is with the support of evidence and proof. That is where the opposition of my opinion comes in. Scientific theories can be proven and have â€Å"evidence. † But it is also widely believed that religion too, has â€Å"evidence. † Evidence such as the bible, miracles and scientific studies that show the efficacy of intercessory prayer and the effects of religion on person health. However, this does not necessarily prove one religions beliefs to be true, more so it proves the existence of religion as a whole.

Andok’s Lechon Manok Essay

Andok’s Lechon Manok is one of the longest and most popular roast chicken in our country. This company was started by the so called father of â€Å"Litson Manok,† Leonardo â€Å"Sandy† Javier Jr. twenty years ago. He said that he encountered numerous disappointments and struggles in sustaining their business especially when they have a lot of competitors like Baliwag but he did not give up. He made his business his passion and was very determined to be successful. When he was still starting, he did not have the capital to start a business. He was forced to borrow twelve chickens from his mother’s friend. Unfortunately, he only sold two chickens. His struggles in life inspired him to strive harder and to be a better entrepreneur. He experimented with the different ingredients to capture what we know today as the trademark Andok’s taste. Before, he started with twelve chickens until it boosted its daily inventory to eighty chickens. His business started evolving because he said that he loves what he is doing and he believes so much in his business. Up to date, Javier continues to grow Andok’s with its menu expanding to include liempo, pork chop, sinigang, etc. Andok’s also opened its doors to franchising. Because of their efficient and systematic franchise support, an â€Å"AA† standard for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) has been obtained by their Metro Manila commissary and nominated â€Å"AAA† standard GMP for Iloilo commissary. For the consumer’s better access, Andok’s were strategically located in places where it is visible and accessible from major thoroughfares; passenger terminals of public utility vehicles; community centers or malls; near markets; commercial/ business district; and areas with high foot and vehicle traffic. To maintain the quality of the food being served, all stocks and ingredients will be supplied from the Andok’s production facility pre-portioned, marinated and ready-to-cook. Take-out franchise stores will be equipped with the standard rotisserie machine with hood and stainless steel chimney, stove, siopao steamer, cooking table, Dokito fryer, chiller boxes, freezers and other equipment. Here is the list of awards garnered by Andok’s through the years of service: 1999â€Å"GAWAD NEGOSYANTENG PINOY† Most Outstanding Food Retailer Operator given by NEGO-PILIPINO FOUNDATION, INC.and MORNINGS @ GMA 7 2002 DANGAL NG PILIPINAS BEST SELLING LITSON MANOK â€Å"CONSUMER’S CHOICE ANNUAL  AWARDS† Given by Organization For Peace and Progress Oriented Group, Inc. 2005PRODUCT & SERVICE EXCELLENCE AWARDEE â€Å"BEST FAMILY-ORIENTED LITSON MANOK BRAND† PARANGAL SA PAMILYANG PILIPINO In conclusion, Andok’s has been operating effectively for over 25 years. Although a roasted chicken business meets a number of rivals in the market, Andok’s has made its stand to be one of the most successful brand of litson manok in the country. Despite having a lot of competitors, they try to innovate their products, add different products, and at the same time expand their company. They were able to overcome the struggles that they faced and be successful in their business.

Chapter 5 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 5 - Coursework Example The agency also deals with economic oriented issues such as pest invasion and development of legitimate trade. Ideally, the CBP is meant to create a supportive business environment for US businesses by reinforcing trading regulations and discourage illegal trade. The Immigration and Customs Enforcement (IEC) is the largest investigative arm of the DHS. The agency identifies and assesses boarder-related vulnerabilities (Siegel, & Worrall, 2011). In addition, the agency is responsible for improving transportation, economic and infrastructural security. The agency is dependent on timely and accurate analysis of intelligence data collected through the Office of Intelligence. Finally, The Secret Service is charged with personal security of the US president, the vice president, high-level officials, and their families. Firstly, the secret service gathers intelligence information on threats against the white House and other state offices and buildings. Secondly secrete service investigates cases of identity theft, counterfeiting and cyber crimes targeting government’s online services, financial institutions and telecommunication services. Thus, the agency deals with sophisticated crimes that threaten U.S’s institutional and social

Chromatography Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chromatography - Lab Report Example Unknown mixtures of dyes were also resolved into their respective components using paper chromatography. Chromatography is a separation technique that determines the components of a mixture. Drug tests of blood and urine samples as well as determining the presence of harmful substances in drinking and groundwater are the most common uses of chromatography. The solid or liquid stationary phase holds the mixture to be separated. In addition, it is the medium to which the mobile phase passes through. On the other hand, the liquid or gaseous mobile phase passes along the stationary phase and in the process carries the components of the mixture with it. In the end of the experiment, separate bands are observed, representing the different components that move along the stationary phase at different rates. The chromatogram is the pattern of separated bands produced after chromatography. Each band is characterized by its retention factor, which is the ratio of the distance between the origin line and the band of the component and the distance between the origin line and the solvent front. In paper chromatography, a specialized paper made of cellulose is used as the stationary phase. The best mobile phase for a particular separation experiment depends on which solvent system the sample components have different Rf values. Thus, measurement of Rf values of the individual sample components in a variety of solvents is necessary in deciding which solvent to use as the mobile phase. This experiment was conducted to determine, through paper chromatography, the retention factors (Rf) of the seven pure food dyes, red 3 (R3), red 40 (R40), blue 1 (B1), blue 2 (B2), yellow 5 (Y5), yellow 6 (Y6), and green 3 (G3), approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and dissolved in three different solvent systems, distilled water, 70% isopropyl alcohol, and 0.10% sodium chloride (NaCl)

Supply Chain Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Supply Chain Assignment - Essay Example These include a lean supply chain, an agile supply chain and lastly a hybrid supply chain. This study will seek to discuss the growing supply chain relationship in today’s supply chain management while analysing the various established relationship management models and exploring both the strategic and operational considerations that are extremely essential for enabling a relationship posture that is appropriate within the supplier (Christopher 2004). Additionally, the study explores the various emerging concepts of lean supply management while discussing the importance of both the efficiency and effectiveness brought about by a lean approach and consequently proposing a general approach an organization can initiate, develop and sustain. The growing importance of the supply chain relationship in today’s supply chain management Numerous studies have observed a highly interesting trend amongst the leading companies in the world. The companies are discovering a somehow ver y powerful new source of competitive advantage in the market (Christopher 2004). This is what is increasingly gaining popularity as the supply-chain management. Supply chain comprises of all the integrated activities responsible and that can be traced to the final product in the market and which determines customer satisfaction. Supply chain management by the nature of its existence heavily depends on relationships and connections. In the context of supply chain management, the term relationship implies a lot. This may include strategic relationship, internal relationship, and transactional relationship amongst many more others. What has made supply chain necessary is the benefit that is derived from supplier relationships, most notably the increasing value and supply chain cost minimization. Additionally, the need by most companies to gain competitive advantage has made maintaining supply chain relationship very serious (Robert, Ernest 2002). The programs related to supply chain ma nagement integrates topics from all the departments of the organization which include the manufacturing operations of the company, purchasing of the company’s products, and transportation of the sales, in addition to, physical distribution into a unified program (Robert, Ernest 1989). For supply chain management to be considered successful, it must coordinate and ensure there is integration of all the above stated activities into a process that is seamless (Robert, Ernest 2002). The supply management team should further, in addition to, embracing link all the partners in the chain. Consequently, in addition to, the various departments within the organization, the other partners include vendors, carriers, information system providers and third party companies. The most fundamental objective of the supply chain management has always been to add value. Supply Chain Management has been transformed into a tool that is essential for accomplishing corporate strategic objectives (Fin ancial Executive 2002). Amongst these would include reducing working capital, accelerating cash-cash cycles, taking assets off the balance sheet and increasing inventory turns amongst and most importantly monitoring average annual sales (Carlisle & Parker 1989). Supply chain management has in the recent past become top managements new main focus area. In light

ROLE OF BUSINESS ETHICS IN CORPORATE AMERICA, GLOBAL ECONOMY AND Research Proposal

ROLE OF BUSINESS ETHICS IN CORPORATE AMERICA, GLOBAL ECONOMY AND LATEST FINANCIAL CRISIS - Research Proposal Example The corruption and greed that came with power of absolute control through economy also played it pivotal role in the gradual deterioration. The ideology of free market economy and the capitalist economy gave rise to the economic set up that is most evidently practiced in America. It rose against the communist and fascist ideals and became the representative system of democracy. As the economies grew they evolved into a particular system with concrete rules and regulations. The business and industries developed and as the economy became global, these industries and businesses developed into multinational organizations and corporate. The corporate became the central organs of the economic system, and with these in place, arose the need of maximizing profits. However, with the complete control of economy came power for these corporate that also held the place to make key decisions. As is said the absolute power corrupts absolutely, so with the complete control over most of economic decisions and with the power to manipulate governments with their economic sway, the corporate leaders indulged in corruption and the trickle-down effect held true, as all those under them, followed their lead. The corporate culture that developed in these circumstances was fraught with unethical practices; it fed greed and greed in turn lead to corruption in all the main quarters. While some of them were charged and punished for their practices, most of them continued the practices under the pretense of maximization of profits that ultimately had to trickle-down to the lower strata of the society. This however, was not the case and while the money accumulated in the coiffeurs of the few, the main people who were supposed to be the beneficiary of the free market suffered and failed to progress. The situation all over the globe remained the same. The fiscal crisis also, affected those at the lower-strata of society, or in the underdeveloped countries, making their sufferings even worse. Starting with the sub-prime mortgage crisis, the economy in America faced a severe fiscal predicament, and the situation led to a complete withdrawal of faith on part of the people in the economic policies and transactions of government. This crisis in turn affected the global economy as all those nations who had invested in the corporations that were declared bankrupt or were on the verge of it, sank taking with them all the invested money. The economies globally were also affected because of the severely interconnected nature of the global trade and business. A lower federal reserve in any country affected the trust of all other countries in them and with the US itself on brink of fiscal disaster due to lack of liquidity, the current situation becomes a matter of grave concern for all involved. The situation also attests to the fact that transformations in the current economic set-up are gravely required. Conclusion The need of the time is to devise methods and make laws, as well as to make sure of the implementation of

Industries and technology both have hurt and helped our enviornment Essay

Industries and technology both have hurt and helped our enviornment - Essay Example The first wave took place in the late 1700’s, bringing industrial improvements to textiles, iron, water and power systems and mechanization. The second wave brought about steam power, trains and steel production. Next, in the 1900’s, came electricity, chemicals and cars. By the middle of the 20th century, the emerging innovations were petroleum, the space race and electronics. In the most recent years, known as the digital age, society has witnessed the development of computers and other electronic devices. All these innovations have contributed to the development of society. However, the creators of these products did not initially think about the amount of waste that would be generated through the manufacturing of these products and what would happen to these products once they became obsolete. Increasing awareness of the effects of manufacturing on the environment has lead to the development of waste management processes and green engineering. It is not only the issue of emissions, but also the disposal of obsolete vehicles that we have to worry about. These emission and hazard waste disposal issues are common concerns for all manufacturing facilities. An example of this is the plants in the state of New Jersey that refine oil. They produce products that are very much needed in modern society. However, they also produce waste that is difficult to dispose of and can be damaging to our environment. To preserve our environment requires our manufacturers take steps to implement green engineering principles into their processes and abide by the rules and regulations put forth by the EPA and other agencies. On the other hand, consumers must also learn to conserve and use products less wastefully. New technologies and industries are created to meet the demands of people and to continuously try to lower the cost of products. Such innovations sometimes have undesirable effects on our global environment. For example, chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) were